水源特定區社會-生態系統韌性之行動研究：以臺灣坪林為例

Abstract

臺灣新北市坪林區於1984年被劃定為水源特定區，提供大臺北水資源使用，但卻限制地方開墾與發展。隨著區域規劃，生態與社會的永續性是重要課題。過程中坪林面臨人為或自然災害，經過調適的治理，獲得社會韌性。本文透過行動研究的角度出發，以更直接、實際的方式整合社會-生態的發展架構，及獨特的治理模式，並參考過往對坪林從經濟、生態、社會層面的研究，發現水源特定區的發展中，社會與生態之間具有交互作用。因此本研究以社會-生態系統的理論基礎融入制度分析，發展出公共資源永續架構，進而以深度訪談的角度整合居民、公部門之原生地方知識，包含從六何法思維出發的文本分析法融入原生地方知識，指認坪林近50年間在社會與生態、經濟三面向所發生的事件，觀察坪林的變化，並將事件匯入公眾參與地理資訊系統中。從行動研究發現坪林由於被劃定為水源特定區後的法令規範，不僅促進了生態面的保護，亦發展出休閒產業。從作物演變中理解茶葉經濟作物的重要，並引入了不同的銷售模式，因應環境需求而產生了有機茶葉。而交通的演進大幅改變了坪林的條件背景，甚至影響坪林的生態與經濟發展。另外人口老化則是坪林面臨的一個關鍵問題，後續需有所調適才能獲得永續韌性。研究顯示坪林的生態環境以及社會之交通、人口等，是三面向相互影響中變遷及效果，且調適後獲得之韌性最能夠具備永續性。本研究之貢獻為透過多元學術以及公眾參與地理資訊系統盤點坪林50年間所發生三面向之事件及其調適、韌性，使其成為其他保護區發展之參考依據，而未來研究則可以深入坪林之人口老化與地方韌性、循環經濟與生態保育的融合、社會-生態系統的跨區域比較與全球適用性、科技與永續發展的結合等議題來進行研究。

Pinglin District, New Taipei City, Taiwan, was designated as a specific water source area in 1984 to supply water to the greater Taipei area, but this restricted local development. Along with regional planning, sustainability of the ecosystem and society became key issues. Pinglin has faced natural and man-made disasters, but adaptive management has strengthened its social resilience. This study, from the perspective of action research, integrates a social-ecological framework and governance model, based on previous economic, ecological, and social studies of Pinglin. It highlights the interaction between society and ecology in the development of the water source area.The research uses institutional analysis, integrating social-ecological theory to build a sustainable public resource structure. Through in-depth interviews and text analysis using the 6W model, it merges Indigenous and Local Knowledge (ILK) with insights from residents and public sectors. The study maps social, ecological, and economic events of the past 50 years in Pinglin into a public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), observing key changes.After Pinglin’s designation as a water source area, regulations helped protect the environment and developed the leisure industry. Tea, as a major crop, led to new sales models, including organic tea to meet environmental needs. Changes in transportation significantly altered the conditions of Pinglin, affecting both its ecology and economy. An aging population remains a critical issue, requiring adjustments for long-term sustainability. The study finds that the interactions between ecology, transportation, and population in Pinglin shape its resilience. These findings contribute to understanding how Pinglin’s development over the past 50 years can serve as a reference for other protected areas. Future research could explore local resilience in aging populations, circular economy integration, and the global applicability of social-ecological systems.