無感或轉化? 2022 年共軍圍台軍演新聞框架分析

Abstract

2022 中共圍台軍演，美國學者葛來儀認為乃是「第四次台海危機」，面對影響台灣國家安全與生存新聞事件，對中國軍演意識形態宣傳，台灣新聞如何再現建構感知及轉化。本研究蒐集央視網 APP、TVBS、三立新聞,於圍台軍演期間 590 則新聞進行抽樣，運用了內容分析法、框架功能理論和消息來源分析，以回答以下三個問題: (1)報導頻次是否存在相關性;(2)報導中對中共宣傳意識形態的接近性;(3)報導是否呈現轉化偏離或轉化呼應。 研究結果顯示，三間媒體的軍演期間發稿數量趨勢相同，對中國宣傳有感，但於軍演主題偏好呈現轉化偏離。意識形態接近性部分，央視網基本符合共產報業理論「喉舌論」,意識形態正相關，台灣新聞台皆為負相關，呈現轉化偏離。根據 Entman的框架功能理論分析文本，央視在軍演宣傳主題上，以「反獨促統」、「干涉遏制」、「經貿反制」、「自衛反制」四大媒體框架宣傳軍演行動合理性與正當性，批判美台交流違反一中原則與美中建交三公報、向國際社會宣傳其領土與主權主張，對內鞏固民眾支持。TVBS 以「美中國安」、「美中風險」、「受害壓迫」、「風險應對」四大媒體框架，再現圍台軍演，著重美中台三邊互動與地緣政治風險升高，台灣社會內部如何應對、與經濟實際損失、面對政治經濟軍事風險，台灣應對與未來美中台三邊關係政策應對。三立新聞以「中國威脅」、「美台抗中」、「報復去中」、「威嚇韌性」四大媒體框架再現為台軍演，較為著中在民主與專制威權的二元對立論述，軍演行動進行批判為報復性不理性的威脅舉動，強調台灣與國際社會連結，政治經濟去中化脫鉤。 央視網嚴格遵循中共官方立場，將「反美干涉」與「自衛反制」作為核心框架，而台灣的兩間新聞台則更注重軍事威脅與國際關係，呈現對中國軍事行動的批判。顯示台灣新聞台在回應中共宣傳時，不受中國宣傳影響被勸服，仍保有自主性，做到民主社會期待的提供多元資訊，告知閱聽者，守望社會。

In 2022, the People’s Republic of China’s military exercises surrounding Taiwan were described by U.S. scholar Bonnie Glaser as the “Fourth Taiwan Strait Crisis.” This study explores how Taiwanese news media reconstructs perceptions and transforms China’s ideological propaganda during these military exercises, particularly in the context of events affecting Taiwan’s national security and survival. A sample of 590 news reports from the CCTV APP, TVBS, and Sanlih News during the military exercises was analyzed using content analysis, framing theory, and source analysis to address three key questions: (1) Is there a correlation in reporting frequency? (2) How closely do the reports align with the ideological propaganda of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)? (3) Do the reports demonstrate a transformative deviation or echo of CCP propaganda? The findings indicate that the three media outlets exhibited similar trends in the number of reports issued during the military exercises, with an awareness of China's propaganda,though their thematic preferences showed varying degrees of deviation. In terms of ideological proximity, CCTV largely conformed to the "mouthpiece theory" of communist media, exhibiting a positive ideological correlation, while Taiwanese news outlets displayed a negative correlation, reflecting transformative deviation. Based on Entman's framing theory, this study analyzes the media texts and finds that CCTV employed four major frames—"Opposing Taiwan Independence and Promoting Reunification," "Resisting U.S. Interference," "Economic Countermeasures," and "Self-defense Retaliation"—to legitimize and justify the military actions. CCTV criticized U.S.-Taiwan exchanges as violations of the One China Principle and the U.S.-China Joint Communiqués, promoted China's territorial and sovereignty claims to the international community, and consolidated domestic public support. TVBS utilized four frames—"U.S.-China Security," "U.S.-China Risks," "Oppression and Victimization," and "Risk Response"—to reconstruct the military exercises, focusing on the trilateral interactions between the U.S., China, and Taiwan, the heightened geopolitical risks, Taiwan's internal responses, actual economic losses, and strategies for dealing with political, economic, and military risks, as well as future U.S.-China-Taiwan policy responses. Sanlih News adopted four frames—"China Threat," "U.S.-Taiwan Resistance to China," "Retaliatory Decoupling from China," and "Threat Resilience"—to portray the military exercises, emphasizing a binary opposition between democracy and authoritarianism. The military actions were framed as retaliatory and irrational threats, with a focus on Taiwan's international connections and the decoupling of Taiwan's political and economic ties with China. CCTV strictly adhered to the official stance of the CCP, using "Anti-U.S. Interference" and "Self-defense Retaliation" as core frames, while the two Taiwanese news outlets focused more on military threats and international relations, critically framing China's military actions. This suggests that Taiwanese news outlets, in responding to CCP propaganda, remain independent and provide diverse information, fulfilling the democratic role of informing the public and serving as a societal watchdog.