家康政権の対スペイン外交 ―対外貿易の方針転換と唐船の影響を中心に―

Abstract

德川家康政權自成立起便面對豐臣秀吉侵韓後的外交孤立。該政權為求恢復對外關係，首先謀求恢復與菲律賓的往來，日西關係也於焉展開。過往普遍的學說認為，家康顧忌伊比利二國以傳教之名侵略日本，且英格蘭與荷蘭二國的詆謗是使其與西班牙疏遠的重要因素。然而，我認為這樣的推論並不全面。就如先行研究指出，日西關係的研究仍缺乏從經濟角度出發的分析。因此我將考量家康政權的外交方針、當時日本內外經濟和對西班牙(呂宋、墨西哥)貿易的狀況，以檢驗家康政權對西班牙態度的階段性變化，並探求其對西班牙的態度轉趨冷淡的成因。 本研究的第一章將考察家康政權與東亞鄰國、東南亞諸國的關係，以理解該政權的外交總體方針。第二章則探討日本呂宋貿易中福建華商的角色及其在生絲貿易中的重要性，也檢驗當時日本國內貨幣政策與東亞的價格革命對日本對外貿易的影響。第三章則探討家康政權與天主教修會、伊比利人的關係，以及該政權取締基督教徒的行為與政權內派系鬥爭和排除反抗勢力的關聯。第四章則考察當時西班牙帝國是否有侵略日本的意圖，並爬梳家康時期日西關係的變化，以明白當時日西關係的真實樣貌。 透過以上考察，結果顯示，家康政權早期便有管制貿易的企圖，且也逐漸恢復與東亞鄰國的貿易和外交，這也使其將對外貿易的重點對象由西葡二國轉移至華商和荷蘭人。然而，從當時日本最大宗的進口品生絲看來，荷蘭人並無法滿足日本對生絲的龐大需求。因此，能駕駛唐船直接運送生絲、文化相近且不會傳教的華商才是取代西葡二國的理想貿易對象。再者，家康政權是在唐船1612年訪日後強化對修道會的神職人員與切支丹的取締，由此我認為唐船訪日才是家康放棄對墨西哥通航構想，乃至轉換對西班牙態度的關鍵成因。

Since its establishment, the Tokugawa Ieyasu regime faced diplomatic isolation after Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea. The regime first sought to restore relations with the Philippines, and thus Japan-Spain relations began. It has been widely supposed that Ieyasu feared the invasion of Japan by Spain and Portugal in the name of missionary work and listened to the slanders of Englishmen and Dutch, and thus decided to cut ties with Spain. However, I think that such a deduction is not comprehensive. In addition, as pointed out by previous studies, there is still a lack of economic analysis in the study of Japan-Spain relations. Therefore, this thesis will take the diplomatic policy of the Ieyasu Regime, the state of Japan's economies, and trade with Spain (Luzon and Mexico) into account, in order to examine the stage-by-stage changes in the regime's attitude towards Spain, and to discover the principal factors for the changes.

The first chapter of this study examines the Ieyasu Regime's relations with other East Asian countries and the Southeast Asian countries in order to understand the regime's overall foreign policy. Chapter 2 examines the role of Fujianese Chinese merchants in Japan’s Luzon trade and their importance in the raw silk trade, as well as the impact of Japan's domestic monetary policy and the price revolutions in East Asia on Japan's foreign trade then. Chapter 3 examines the relationship between the regime and the Catholic religious orders & the Iberians, and the connection between the regime's proscription of Kirishitans and the factional struggles within the regime & the oppression of rebellious groups. Chapter 4 examines whether the Spanish Empire had any intention to invade Japan, and analyzes the developments of Japan-Spain relations during Ieyasu's period in order to shed light on the reality of Japan-Spain relations.

In conclusion, it is clear that Ieyasu attempted to regulate foreign trades in early stages, and his resumption of trade and diplomacy with other East Asian countries allowed him to gradually shift from trade with Spaniards and Portuguese to trade with the Chinese merchants and the Dutch. However, since the Dutch could not satisfy Japan's huge demand for silk, Japan's largest import, the Chinese merchants were the ideal trading partners to replace Spain and Portugal, for they could directly import raw silk to Japan with their junks, shared similar cultures, and did not evangelize. Moreover, the regime's prohibition on the clergy of the Catholic orders and Kirishitans was also strengthened after the arrival of Chinese Junks to Japan in 1612. Therefore, I believe that the arrival of Chinese Junks to Japan was the key factor for Ieyasu to abandon his intention of trade with Mexico, and even to change his attitude towards Spain.