論強制汽車責任保險法上之責任基礎

Abstract

我國之強制汽車責任保險法於2005年修正後，確立其責任保險之制度，其亦為我國面對動力車輛交通事故時，處理受害人損害填補之重要制度。惟其責任基礎何在則有疑問，蓋縱觀我國法上與汽車交通事故相關之損害賠償責任，包括民法第191之2的動力車輛駕駛人責任在內，其責任成立要件皆無法與強制汽車責任保險法之保險給付要件相對應，破壞了「無責任即無責任保險」之基本原理。換言之，在我國現行法上實係欠缺與強制汽車責任保險相對應之責任基礎。 因此，針對強制汽車責任保險，應有提出一新責任基礎之必要。而回頭觀察強制汽車責任保險法上之規定，其實似已蘊含一責任基礎在其中。如確可自強制汽車責任保險法上推導出此一責任基礎，則其責任體系之內容為何，責任要件之概念又應如何介定，即為本文研究之重點。 由於我國關於危險責任或無過失責任之立法或學說理論，相較於傳統的侵權責任，發展之歷程較短，研究之數量亦相對較少。因此在建構此一強制汽車責任保險法之新責任基礎時，實有先為比較法觀察之必要。除了向來為我國法繼受對象之德國、日本外，法國傾向保護被害人之制度亦可提供我國不同面向之思考。透過外國立法例之比較，加深對於危險責任之原理及內涵的了解，藉以協助建構我國強制汽車責任保險法上之新責任基礎。 另外，由於此一強制汽車責任保險法上之新責任基礎，其責任要件須配合責任保險之保險給付要件，而為相一致之解釋。因此在整個責任體系中，有不少因牽就強制汽車責任保險法現行規定所推導之結果。一方面固然係屬不得不然之產物，但另一方面亦藉此顯現出危險責任為了更加迅速、確實保障被害人之目的，而朝向與傳統民法上過失侵權責任脫勾、獨立之方向發展。

After the amendment of Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance Law in 2005, the liability insurance institution has been established. But the most important problem is what the liability foundation of Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance is. To view the compensation liability about automobile traffic accident in the existing law, there is no liability whose liability constitutive elements can agree with the insurance provision elements of the liability insurance. So that a new liability foundation of Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance should be advanced. No matter the theory or legislation of strict liability is not very enough in Taiwan, so perspective of comparative law before the establishment of the new liability system is necessary. With reference to the comparative subject, this article select Germany, Japan and France whose compensation system is also the way of strict liability collocating with liability insurance. Expecting that through perspective of comparative law, the contents of strict liability could be more acquainted and useful to the establishment of the new liability system. At last, this article would attempt to establish the new liability system of Compulsory Automobile Liability Insurance Law. About the contents of the new liability foundation, besides deliberating the spirit of strict liability theory, agreeing with the insurance provision elements of the liability insurance must be noticed. Therfore, the feature of the new liability system is departing from the tort law in the civil law.