不太平：核化人類世與凱西．傑尼–媞吉娜的作品

Abstract

本論文主張馬紹爾群島詩人凱西．傑尼–媞吉娜（Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner）作品以「不太平」的再現，面對在阿奈斯·毛雷爾（Anaïs Maurer）稱之為核化人類世的時代中，核彈帝國主義與碳排放帝國主義的雙重挑戰。本論文動用泰瑞西亞·提艾瓦（Teresia Teaiwa）提出的概念——「不太平」——以分析傑尼–媞吉娜的作品如何連結在太平洋及其他地區原住民身體及其水域和地域中的生存挑戰、回憶信諾、以及反抗決心。透過這樣的描繪，她的作品意圖挑戰新舊權力統制如何持續製造氣候不正義。第一章梳理跨太平洋研究以及人類世論述以探討此詩人在其原住民經驗書寫中，如何呈現美國核彈帝國主義和全球氣候變遷之間連結。此章也提出需要分析此詩人的作品如何創造能面對氣候變遷挑戰的共同體——一個留意誰被排除在外和納入其中的共同體。第二章提供美軍在馬歇爾群島試爆核彈的歷史回顧，並闡述相較於這樣毀滅性歷史更悠遠且建立跨太平洋連結的馬歇爾反抗運動歷史。此章節分析從詩人作品集Iep Jāltok中采選出的詩作如何連結早期的反抗運動歷史，為在美軍核能部屬中被剝奪歸屬感的各種身體創造出不太平的返家。第三章檢視更多采選作品中，詩人如何強調需要在處理當前氣候危機的同時留意新舊權力關係如何持續將環境汙染向外排送至原住民居住地。透過文字影像及聲音，傑尼–媞吉娜在自身的作品集中以及和格陵蘭因紐特詩人阿卡．尼維亞那（Aka Niviâna）共同表演的影片詩Rise中，創造出不太平的航行，以期動員一個共享卻又適時分裂的共同體來挑戰持續至今的帝國環境遺毒。第四章回顧傑尼–媞吉娜作品中的不太平敘事並分析另一首她的影片詩Anointed。此章節末也反思如何在進行太平洋原住民文學研究時避開墾殖者視角，特別是當原住民仍持續地為被他者化的身體及地域及水域進行抗爭。

This thesis argues that Marshallese poet Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner’s works provide unpacified representations of struggles against nuclear imperialism and carbon imperialism in what Anaïs Maurer calls the nuclearized Anthropocene. Mobilizing a key term presented by Teresia Teaiwa——unpacified——this thesis analyzes how Jetñil-Kijiner’s works depict connections between the survival, remembrance, and resistance of Indigenous bodies, lands, and waters in the Pacific and beyond. Through such depictions, her works seek to challenge how forms of domination continue to produce climate injustice. Chapter One reviews selected works in transpacific studies and discourses of the Anthropocene to address tensions in and to consider ways of reading the links between U.S. nuclear imperialism and climate change as they are depicted in the works of Jetñil-Kijiner. This chapter also addresses the need to examine how her works call for a fractured collective to face climate collapse——a collective that must attend to processes of inclusions and exclusions in its formation. Chapter Two traces histories of devastation that U.S. nuclear detonations produced in the Marshall Islands, as well as longer histories of Marshallese resistance that sought to build solidarities across the Pacific. This chapter analyzes how selected poems from Jetñil-Kijiner’s Iep Jāltok connect with these earlier resistance efforts to create unpacified homecomings for bodies not at home in bombed and contaminated lands and waters. Chapter Three examines how additional selected works by Jetñil-Kijiner highlight a need to address current climate collapse while simultaneously redressing earlier structures of domination that continue to facilitate the outsourcing of climate crises. Through the mediums of word and image and sound Jetñil-Kijiner in Iep Jāltok and with Inuk poet Aka Niviâna in the collaborative video poem Rise create(s) unpacified navigations that mobilize a collective if also fragmented resistance against unjust ruinations of empire that persist in the present. Chapter Four concludes this thesis to reflect on unpacified storytelling throughout Jetñil-Kijiner’s oeuvre including in a second video poem Anointed. This chapter also addresses the need to avoid replicating a settler-centric gaze in conducting research on Indigenous Pacific texts as Indigenous peoples continue to rise and fight for othered bodies and lands and waters.