《莊子》的情感轉化理論

Abstract

受哲學自古希臘以來對「幸福生活」（eudaimonia）的追求、當代跨領域研究於情感議題的理論衝突及《莊子》的倫理學研究啟蒙，本文自旨於處理個人如何於群體生活中展現自己真實性情的《莊子》一書，梳理出蘊含於其中的三項情感轉化主張和三項情感轉化方法，並分析出這些命題的理論基礎，期以此七項研究成果為當代跨領域的研究提供一套具備哲學理論基礎的論述，作為議題導向之研究的材料。 奠基於「道」及「氣」兩項核心形上學概念，《莊子》哲學中蘊含了四項描述「主體」與「世界」之間關係的特質：（1）「整體性」、（2）「變化性」、（3）「平等性」及（4）「限制性」。《莊子》認為，事物在形而上處於彼此連貫為一整體、不斷變動，且與「好與壞」或「是與非」等人為區分出的價值概念無關的狀態，並會共同形成對個別主體的限制，使主體必然無法從心所欲和準確預測情境的發展。而主體受制於「成心」的兩項來源，須透過「心齋」工夫改善自己的認知模式自然帶有的限制與傾向，才能正確判斷自身的情感是否是人自然表現出的反應，並開啟情感轉化的可能。主體可透過（1）「不斷然詮釋情境」、（2）「對情境的發展保持開放」及（3）「持續回應情境的變化」此三種反映了上述四項主體與世界之間關係的情感轉化方法，將「有所固執的情感」轉化為「無所固執的情感」，或持續維持情感無所固執的狀態。

In light of the pursuit of “eudaimonia” since ancient Greece, alongside contemporary interdisciplinary research on emotional issues and insights from Zhuangzi’s ethics, this study aims to present seven findings. These includes three propositions concerning sentimental transformation, three methodologies for sentimental transformation and an analysis of their foundation in Zhuangzi, which describes how individuals may manifest their genuine natures within group life. Additionally, this study contributes a philosophical framework to issue-oriented interdisciplinary research. Grounded in the fundamental metaphysical concept of “dao” and “qi,” Zhuangzi's philosophy illustrates four traits of the relation between the “subject” and the “world”: (1) “wholeness,” (2) “mutability,” (3) “equality,” and (4) “constraint.” Zhuangzi posits that entities exist as an interconnected whole, undergoing perpetual change, and unrelated to human-defined values. These conditions collectively impose constraints upon entities, rendering them incapable of exercising dominion over their desires and predictions of the trajectory of circumstances. Constrained by two sources of “chengxin”, subjects must adjust their cognitive patterns' inherent limits and intentions through the practice of “xinzhai”, to discern if their sentiments are natural responses, and to enable them to be transformed. This involves (1) “refraining from definitively interpretation,” (2) “remaining open to the development of circumstances,” and (3) “continuously responding to changes” mirroring the four relations between the subjects and the world.