元代禪僧楚石梵琦及其詩歌研究

Abstract

以藏傳佛教作為國教的元代，帝王有意抑制禪宗的發展，然而江南依然延續著宋代之盛況，為禪宗的中心，宗教活動極其活躍，且人才輩出。不僅如此，儒者多傾心於禪宗，而中日間僧人的密切往來，更為元代禪宗帶來獨特的面貌。目前學界對元代禪林的關注日益增加，仍尚有開展之處。本文研究對象楚石梵琦（1296-1370）在元代時已聲名遠播海內外，入明三年後便圓寂，卻在明末時被譽為本朝第一流宗師，為元明兩代重要的禪僧。學界對其生平、著作與思想特色已有研究成果，然對其著作的流傳與接受、交遊狀況、文學特色與思想內涵有未盡之處。本研究試圖透過楚石梵琦現存相關文獻，對上述課題進行探討，藉由此個案研究，補充學界對楚石梵琦個人乃至元代禪林的認識。因此，本論文擬分成以下章節進行論述： 第一，楚石梵琦的生平、著作、交遊：根據楚石梵琦相關文獻材料，整理其六十三年僧侶生涯中，與僧俗間的書信往來與詩文唱和，並在其生平事蹟的基礎上，考察文本的寫作背景、動機，以及文本在後世的流傳狀況。 第二，楚石梵琦的現實關懷：有別於將楚石梵琦的詩文作品作為史料，本節以楚石梵琦的文學作品《北遊詩》和《和天台三聖詩》為研究對象，先從後世選集之選錄與評價作為切入點，並藉由文本的考察，試圖勾勒出楚石梵琦眼中的帝國圖像與對聖賢之追憶，當中反映其現實關懷。 第三，楚石梵琦的精神家園：楚石梵琦作為提倡淨土法門的禪僧，承襲宋代以來禪淨兼修之特色，本節藉由《西齋淨土詩》中所反映對時間倏忽即逝的感嘆、對西方淨土的嚮往、對娑婆世界的體悟，以及淨土聖賢的追憶這幾個面向進行論述。通過其文學創作，呈現元代禪淨合一之思潮，以及楚石梵琦為後世所推崇的原因。

During the Yuan Dynasty, when Tibetan Buddhism was the state religion, the emperors sought to suppress the development of Chan Buddhism. However, in the Jiangnan region, Chan Buddhism continued to thrive and maintain its popularity from the Song Dynasty through the Yuan Dynasty. Religious activities were vibrant and talented individuals came forth in considerable numbers. Many Confucian scholars were inclined to Chan Buddhism. Furthermore, the close exchanges between Chinese and Japanese monks contributed to the unique characteristics of Yuan Dynasty Chan Buddhism. Currently, academic attention to the Chan Buddhist communities of the Yuan Dynasty is increasing, yet there remains much to explore. This thesis focuses on Chushi Fanqi 楚石梵琦(1296-1370), who was already renowned domestically and internationally during the Yuan Dynasty. He passed away three years into the Ming Dynasty but was revered as a major Chan master of the period by the late Ming. Chushi Fanqi is recognized as a significant Chan monk of the Yuan and Ming dynasties. While there has been scholarly research on his life, works, and philosophy, questions remain regarding the transmission and reception of his writings, his social interactions, literary features, and the ideological implications of his works. This study aims to address these issues by examining existing texts concerning Chushi Fanqi. It is intended to add to the academic understanding of Chushi Fanqi and the broader Chan Buddhist context of the Yuan Dynasty. The thesis contains the following chapters: 1. The Life, Works, and Social Circle of Chushi Fanqi: This chapter compiles and examines the correspondence and poetic exchanges between Chushi Fanqi and monks and laymen throughout his sixty-three-year monastic career. Based on documented biographical details, the chapter explores the background, motivations, and subsequent transmission of these texts. 2. Chushi Fanqi's engagement with the mundane world: Departing from the approach of treating Chushi Fanqi's literary works as mere historical materials, this chapter focuses on his literary achievements, namely Compilation on Northern Journey (北遊詩Beiyou Shi) and Poems Using the Rhymes of the Three Sages of Tiantai (和天台三聖詩He Tiantai Sansheng Shi). This chapter utilizes selections and commentaries from later anthologies as starting points and dives into Chushi Fanqi’s imperial imagery and veneration of sages, which reflect his engagement with contemporary society. 3. Chushi Fanqi's Spiritual Home: Chushi was a Chan monk advocating for the Pure Land practice, inheriting the Chan-Pure Land dual cultivation tradition from the Song Dynasty. This chapter discusses several themes reflected in Chushi Fanqi's Pure Land Poems of the West Hall (西齋淨土詩Xizhai Jingtu Shi). The themes include lamentations on the fleeting nature of time, longing for the Western Pure Land, insights into the Sahā world, and his vision of the Pure Land sages. This chapter presents the Chan-Pure Land integration of the Yuan Dynasty through Chushi’s literary creations while elaborating on the reasons for Chushi Fanqi's posthumous eminence.