黑水虻養液於水耕網紋洋香瓜栽培之研究

Abstract

聯合國糧食及農業組織(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)的最新估計顯示，2022年全球饑餓人數在6.91億至7.83億之間。隨著農業需求的不斷增加，傳統農業生產方式面臨許多挑戰，例如土壤退化、化學肥料和農藥的過度使用，以及由此引發的環境污染和生態失衡問題。這些問題不僅影響農業的可持續性，還威脅到人類的食品安全和健康。為應對這些挑戰，實現聯合國可持續發展目標(United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs)成為全球各界的共同努力方向。這些目標旨在消除貧困、保護地球和確保所有人享有和平與繁榮，尤其在推進可持續農業方面。然而，傳統農業模式高度依賴化學肥料，長期使用不僅導致土壤肥力下降，還引發水體污染、生態失衡等環境問題。因此，探索環保且高效的農業生產方法成為當前農業研究的核心議題之一。 黑水虻(Black Soldier Fly, BSF)因其在有機廢棄物處理和有機肥料生產中的優勢，逐漸受到研究者的關注。這種昆蟲的幼蟲能有效地將廚餘轉化為富含有機質和多種植物所需營養元素的肥料。黑水虻肥料不僅提升土壤的肥力，還有助於減少對化學肥料的依賴。此外，黑水虻在處理廚餘時，能顯著降低溫室氣體的排放，展現其對環境的優勢。這使得黑水虻在推動可持續農業和資源循環利用方面，成為一種具有潛力的解決方案。 本研究分為兩季試驗，秋冬季栽培時間為2023年11月至2024年2月，春夏季栽培時間為2024年4月至2024年6月，採用湛液式水耕栽培系統，使用黑水虻養液於智慧溫室栽培網紋洋香瓜阿露斯「夏系二號」，並與化學肥料進行比較。根據植物在不同生長階段的需求，調整氮鉀比例：營養生長期(Juvenile)，氮鉀比例為75:75；授粉小果期(Flowering)，氮鉀比例為75:125；果實肥大期(Fruit Swelling)，氮鉀比例為100:25。研究分別分析株高、節數、葉綠素含量、果重、果長、果寬、果型指數、果肉厚度、果肉硬度、總可溶性固形物、總鹽含量、抗壞血酸含量、硝酸鹽含量、乾物率和官能品評等項目，以探討黑水虻養液對植株生長狀況和果實品質的影響。研究結果顯示，使用20%黑水虻養液栽培的網紋洋香瓜在秋冬季的果重較低，約652 g，總可溶性固形物(14°Brix)達到市場標準(14-15°Brix)，但果實網紋外觀較差(網紋線條差異為3-4 mm)。而在春夏季，果重高達1637 g，總可溶性固形物(15°Brix)和果實網紋外觀較佳(網紋線條差異為2-3 mm)。兩季中使用20%黑水虻養液栽培阿露斯之研究結論為，20%黑水虻養液作為化肥替代品在水耕栽培網紋洋香瓜中具有顯著的效果。果實的總可溶性固形物達到市場標準，且春夏季節能顯著提高網紋的均勻度和整體外觀，兩季的果實均呈現圓潤的形狀。這些結果證明黑水虻養液在可持續農業中的潛力，尤其是在減少對化學肥料依賴、降低環境污染方面的優勢。

The latest estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) show that the number of hungry people in the world in 2022 will be between 691 million and 783 million. As agricultural demand continues to increase, traditional agrarian production methods face many challenges, such as soil degradation, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and resulting environmental pollution and ecological imbalance. These issues not only impact the sustainability of agriculture but also threaten food security and human health. To address these challenges, achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has become a global effort. These goals aim to eradicate poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all, especially in advancing sustainable agriculture. However, the traditional agricultural model is highly dependent on chemical fertilizers, and long-term use not only leads to a decline in soil fertility but also causes environmental problems such as water pollution and ecological imbalance. Therefore, exploring environmentally friendly and efficient agricultural production methods has become one of the core topics of current agricultural research. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) has increasingly attracted researchers’ attention due to its advantages in organic waste management and organic fertilizer production. The larvae of this insect effectively convert kitchen waste into fertilizer rich in organic matter and various essential nutrients required by plants. BSF fertilizer enhances soil fertility and helps reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers. Additionally, the use of BSF in processing kitchen waste significantly lowers greenhouse gas emissions, demonstrating its environmental advantages. This positions BSF as a promising solution for advancing sustainable agriculture and resource recycling. This study is divided into two seasons of experiments. The autumn-winter season is from October 2023 to February 2024, and the spring-summer season is from April 2024 to June 2024. The Deep Flow Technology (DFT) hydroponic cultivation system was used to cultivate netted melons (Earl’s) in smart greenhouses using a BSF nutrient solution, which was compared with a chemical nutrient solution. The nitrogen and potassium ratio was adjusted according to the needs of the plants at different growth stages. During the juvenile stage, the nitrogen-potassium ratio is 75:75; in the flowering stages, the nitrogen-potassium ratio is 75:125; and in the fruit swelling stage, the nitrogen-potassium ratio is 100:25. The study investigated various parameters, including plant height, number of nodes, chlorophyll content, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit shape index, flesh thickness, flesh firmness, total soluble solids, total salt content, ascorbic acid, nitrate, dry matter ratio, and sensory evaluation, to explore the impact of BSF nutrient solution on plant growth and fruit quality. The study results indicate that netted muskmelons cultivated with 20% BSF nutrient solution had a lower fruit weight in the autumn-winter season, averaging around 652 g. However, the total soluble solids (14°Brix) met market standards, although the fruit’s netted appearance was subpar, with a net line width variation of 3-4 mm. In the spring-summer season, the fruit weight reached up to 1,637 g, with total soluble solids at 15°Brix and a better-netted appearance, with a net line width variation of 2-3 mm. The conclusions from the study using 20% BSF nutrient solution to cultivate Earl’s Melon over two seasons indicate that the 20% BSF nutrient solution serves as an effective substitute for chemical fertilizers in the hydroponic cultivation of netted muskmelons. The fruit's sugar content met market standards and significantly improved the uniformity of the netting and overall appearance during the spring-summer season. The fruits in both seasons had a well-rounded shape. These results demonstrate the potential of BSF nutrient solutions in sustainable agriculture, particularly in reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and minimizing environmental pollution.