創傷孤島：臺灣跨性別者面臨之歧視、隱微歧視、創傷與韌性

Abstract

隨著跨性別權益的發展，臺灣在2021年迎來了首位免經過性別肯認手術即可更換法定性別的案例，立下臺灣在跨性別人權議程上的歷程碑。然而，臺灣的跨性別者依然暴露在公然的暴力當中，並且面臨著廣泛社會的不理解與結構性歧視。臺灣本土跨性別研究為數不多，因應後同婚時代與免術換證浪潮中的臺灣跨性別社群與倡議之需求，當前需要一個現代且深入各地跨性別文化的研究。本文研究者以跨性別局內人身份進行臺灣本土跨性別社群研究，探討臺灣跨性別者所面臨的歧視、隱微歧視、受歧視後創傷，以及面對創傷經驗時的韌性經驗，期望豐富臺灣本土的跨性別敘事與跨性別創傷知情之討論及應用。本研究使用建構主義敘事探究，以半結構式深度訪談十四位曾因歧視而產生創傷的臺灣跨性別者，訪談時長約二至三小時。參與者之性別認同為四位跨性別女性、六位跨性別男性與四位非二元跨性別者，年齡介於二十至六十歲，主要生活地區涵蓋臺灣本島北中南東縣市，漢人十二人，臺灣原住民族兩人。研究分析採敘事探究之整體－形式與類別－內容分析。 研究發現五項歧視、十項隱微歧視、八項歧視後創傷及五項應對歧視後創傷之韌性。歧視包含言語暴力、校園霸凌、職場歧視、性暴力與身體虐待。隱微歧視包含順性別異性戀霸權、本質化性別、污名化跨性別、跨性別正典化、拒絕承認跨性別者受到的傷害、跨性別醫療守門、加強檢視跨性別者的性別身份、未經同意幫出櫃、稱讚跨性別者很pass或很酷，以及假性別友善。歧視後創傷包含生理傷害、負面心理健康、自我形象破碎、自我隱藏、精神疾患、社交障礙、靈性傷害，以及移民渴望。應對歧視後創傷之韌性包含轉念與強健心靈、發展預防或面對歧視的應對技巧、酷兒性與抵抗、陪伴與肯認，以及靈性營造。 研究討論藉由酷兒理論、女性主義理論、系譜學權力分析，綜合本文研究者在臺灣跨性別社群與運動中之田野經驗，探討臺灣各地區跨性別經驗差異、跨性別隱微歧視類別發展、跨性別再製刻板印象之偏誤、性暴力責任歸屬偏誤、跨性別凝視、跨性別者受歧視之創傷現象、跨性別者應對歧視與創傷之韌性、證件性別更換政策，以及臺灣跨性別運動的展望。研究提出五項建議，包含性別肯認政策漸進式思考方向、跨性別友善校園之營造、跨性別友善醫療之推動、跨性別生殖權利政策，以及臺灣多元性別NGO可拓展之服務與社群經營方向。本研究建議未來研究可持續深入臺灣本土跨性別長者、青少年及近年形成的非二元社群經驗進行研究，並且關注跨性別正典化之發展，以促進跨性別創傷知情實務之討論。

With the development of transgender rights, Taiwan welcomed its first case in 2021 where a legal gender change was allowed without undergoing gender-affirming surgery, marking a milestone in Taiwan's transgender human rights agenda. However, transgender individuals in Taiwan continue to face blatant violence, widespread social misunderstanding, and structural discrimination. Local transgender research in Taiwan is scarce, making the need for modern and in-depth research into transgender cultures and life experiences across regions significant, especially in response to the needs of the Taiwanese transgender community and advocacy in the post-marriage equality era and the wave of non-surgical gender recognition. The researcher conducts research on the local transgender community in Taiwan as an insider of the transgender community, exploring the discrimination, microaggressions, trauma after being discriminated against, and the resilience experiences in facing trauma that Taiwanese transgender individuals encounter. This study aims to enrich the local transgender narratives in Taiwan and the discussions and applications of transgender trauma-informed care. Constructivist narrative inquiry was used with semi-structured in-depth interviews to investigate the life experiences of fourteen Taiwanese transgender individuals who have experienced trauma due to discrimination. The interviews lasted approximately two to three hours. The participants included four transgender women, six transgender men, and four non-binary transgender individuals, aged between twenty and sixty years old. The primary living areas of participants included northern, central, southern, and eastern regions of Taiwan. Among the participants, twelve are Han Chinese, and two are Taiwanese indigenous people. The research analysis utilized both holistic-content and categorical-content approaches of narrative inquiry. Findings identified five types of discrimination, ten types of microaggressions, eight types of post-discrimination trauma, and five types of resilience in coping with post-discrimination trauma. Discrimination included verbal violence, school bullying, workplace discrimination, sexual violence, and physical abuse. Microaggressions encompassed cisheteronormativity, gender essentialism, stigmatizing transgender individuals, transnormativity, invalidation of harm faced by transgender individuals, gatekeeping in transgender healthcare, heightened scrutiny of transgender identities, outing without consent, praising transgender individuals for passing or being cool, and pseudo-gender friendliness. Post-discrimination trauma included physical harm, negative mental health, broken self-image, self-concealment, mental disorders, social barriers, spiritual distress, and immigration desire. Resilience in coping with post-discrimination trauma included cognitive reframing and mental fortitude, developing coping skills for preventing or confronting discrimination, queerness and resistance, companionship and recognition, and spiritual cultivation. Discussions were stimulated with queer theory, feminist theory, and genealogical power analysis, supported by the researcher's field experiences within the Taiwanese transgender community and movement. Discussions included regional differences in transgender experiences in Taiwan, the development of microaggression categories, biases in the reproduction of transgender stereotypes, misattributions of responsibility for sexual violence, transgender gaze, trauma phenomena in transgender individuals facing discrimination, resilience in coping with discrimination and trauma, gender marker change policies, and the prospects of the Taiwanese transgender movement. The study proposes five suggestions, including a gradual approach to gender recognition policies, the creation of transgender-friendly campuses, the promotion of transgender-friendly healthcare, transgender reproductive policies, and the expansion of services and community management by LGBTQ+ NGOs in Taiwan. The study suggests that future research continue to delve into the experiences of elder transgender individuals, adolescents, and the recently emerging non-binary community in Taiwan, and to focus on the development of transnormativtiy to promote discussions on trauma-informed practices for transgender individuals.