馬來西亞檳城電子產業聚落的形成與挑戰之分析

Abstract

在馬來西亞獨立初期的20多年裡，該國主要依靠出口石油、天然氣、棕櫚油、橡膠和木材等天然資源來建立其初級產業基礎。當時，馬來西亞採取了“新經濟政策”（NEP），通過擴大公共服務部門和國有企業來增加馬來族人的就業機會，推動以馬來人利益為中心的經濟發展。這一策略在馬哈迪首次執政期間得到進一步強化，通過實行出口導向型經濟成長模式，吸引外資投入製造業，並推動技術研發，成功將馬來西亞從一個依賴天然資源的國家轉變為以服務業和工業為主的經濟體。 檳城是馬來西亞最早設立自由貿易區的地區，這些區域成為吸引外國直接投資（FDI）的主要策略，促進了出口導向的工業化發展。自由貿易區內的企業享有免稅優惠和其他財政激勵措施，這使得檳城吸引了大量跨國企業，逐漸發展成為電子產業聚落。這些外資企業不僅帶來了先進的技術和管理經驗，還促進了當地經濟的增長和產業升級。 1972年，馬來西亞在檳城建立了首個自由貿易區，吸引了包括國家半導體公司（National Semiconductor）、超微公司（AMD）、英特爾（Intel）、歐司朗（Osram）等八大跨國公司的投資，這些公司被稱為“八大武士”（8 Samurai）。他們的加入發展出一個完整的產業生態系統，鞏固了檳城在全球電子產業鏈中的地位。 檳城作為馬來西亞最重要的電子和電氣（E&E）產品製造基地，2020年的出口額達到3100億馬幣（約770億美元），其中82%由E&E、科學及控制儀器貢獻。檳城在2020年創造了1100億馬幣（約270億美元）的貿易順差，顯示出該州在產業周期中的韌性。然而，檳城的電子產業聚落始終由外資跨國企業主導，這導致了檳城經濟對外部市場和投資的高度依賴。 本研究將探討檳城電子產業聚落的形成緣由與發展歷程，分析跨國企業在不同時期選擇檳城的原因，並研究檳城在馬來西亞半導體出口中的貢獻及未來可能面臨的挑戰與機會。透過這些研究，可以深入了解檳城在全球電子產業中的地位和演變，並為其他發展中國家提供有益的參考。

In the first 20 years after Malaysia's independence, the country primarily relied on exporting natural resources such as oil, natural gas, palm oil, rubber, and timber to establish its primary industry base. During this period, Malaysia implemented the "New Economic Policy" (NEP), which aimed to increase employment opportunities for Malays by expanding the public service sector and state-owned enterprises. This policy focused on promoting economic development centered around the interests of the Malay population. During Mahathir Mohamad's first tenure as Prime Minister, the country adopted an export-oriented economic growth model, known as the "Learn from East Policy." This strategy attracted foreign investment into the manufacturing sector and promoted industry-led technological development. As a result, Malaysia successfully transformed from a resource-dependent economy to one dominated by services and industrial sectors. Penang was the first state in Malaysia to establish a free trade zone, which became a key strategy for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and promoting export-oriented industrialization. Companies within the free trade zones enjoyed tax exemptions and other financial incentives, leading to significant foreign corporate investment. Over time, Penang evolved into a prominent electronics industry cluster. In 1972, Malaysia established its first free trade zone in Penang, attracting investments from eight major multinational corporations (MNCs), including National Semiconductor, AMD, Intel, Osram, and others, collectively known as the "Eight Samurai." Their presence helped develop a comprehensive industrial ecosystem and solidified Penang's position in the global electronics value chain. As Malaysia's leading electronics and electrical product manufacturing hub, Penang's exports reached 310 billion MYR (approximately 77 billion USD) in 2020, with E&E and scientific and control instruments contributing 82% of this total. In the same year, Penang generated a trade surplus of 110 billion MYR (approximately 27 billion USD), demonstrating its industrial resilience. However, the electronics industry cluster in Penang has remained dominated by foreign MNCs, leading to a high dependency on external markets and investments. This study will explore the formation and development of Penang's electronics industry cluster, analyze why MNCs have chosen Penang over different periods, and examine Penang's contribution to Malaysia's semiconductor exports and future challenges and opportunities. Through this research, we aim to gain a deeper understanding of Penang's role and evolution in the global electronics industry and provide valuable insights for other developing countries.