迪斯雷利與格拉斯頓：十九世紀不列顛選舉改革與身體表演（1865-1880）

Abstract

本研究旨在探討十九世紀中期不列顛政治領袖威廉．格拉斯頓（William Ewart Gladstone, 1809-1898）和班傑明．迪斯雷利（Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881）在選舉改革浪潮中的身體表演以及其性別意義。兩人在1865至1880年間成為彼此在政治上的頭號勁敵，而「表演」成為兩人被後世評價時經常使用的譬喻。 維多利亞時代歷經了三個重大的改革法案，同時也見證了愈加強調身體鍛鍊的男子教育。而這兩者的變化都圍繞著陽剛特質內涵的解釋權。本文從當時代人如何理解身體的政治意義切入，兼採文化史與性別史的研究方法，也就是將身體的實踐視為確立性別特質的方式，從而理解其政治意涵，並透過身體表演分析政治人物及其政黨所經營的個人形象。 本文使用的主要材料包括政治領袖的個人作品、議事紀錄與諷刺漫畫。研究發現兩位政治領袖在成長階段和初入政壇時，就已經依據各自的楷模人物，展現出不同的公眾形象。這個差異在他們各自成為政黨領導人之後越加明顯。本研究將格拉斯頓的男子氣概與自由黨價值觀、迪斯雷利的紳士風度與保守黨價值觀相連結，指出他們如何透過身體表演來向選民傳遞政治理念並引領政黨路線。 在研究結果方面，本研究以「男人注定鬥爭」（manhood a struggle）概述政治競爭與陽剛特質的關係，這也是格拉斯頓和迪斯雷利各自改造自由黨、保守黨，並賦予鮮明意識形態與政治立場的成就。政治領袖的演講內容與其姿態，是傳遞政策和意識形態的絕佳工具，也是批評時政或諷刺領袖的重要素材。一系列的改革法案，不只牽涉到政治版圖的變動，也重構了不列顛的選舉模式。

This study aims to explore the bodily performances and gender significations of the political leaders William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898) and Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) amidst the electoral reform wave of mid-nineteenth-century Britain. Both figures emerged as each other's primary adversaries in politics from 1865 to 1880, with "performance" becoming a frequently used metaphor when assessing their legacies. The Victorian era witnessed three significant reform acts, coinciding with a growing emphasis on physical exercise in male education. Both of these changes revolved around the interpretation of masculine traits' connotations. This study approaches the political significance of the body from the perspective of contemporary understandings and adopts methods from cultural and gender history. It views bodily practices as a means of establishing gender characteristics, thereby understanding its mean in political through bodily performances to analyse the personal images cultivated by political figures and their parties. The primary materials utilized in this study include personal writings of political leaders, parliamentary records, and satirical cartoons. The study finds that both political leaders exhibited different public personas based on their respective role models during their formative years and early political careers. This divergence became more pronounced after they ascended to leadership positions within their parties. The study links Gladstone's manliness to Liberal values and Disraeli's gentlemanliness to Conservative values, illustrating how they used bodily performances to communicate political ideologies to voters and shape their parties' agendas. In terms of research findings, the study outlines the phrase "Manhood a struggle," emphasizing the leader-centric political landscape, which Gladstone and Disraeli transformed by imbuing their respective parties with distinct ideologies and political stances. The speeches and postures of political leaders serve as excellent tools for conveying policies and ideologies, as well as materials for critiquing current affairs or satirizing leaders. Reform Acts not only altered the political landscape but also restructured the electoral pattern in Britain.