傳統領域「劃設」、「重疊」與部落社會的調適：以南澳鄉碧候溫泉開發為例

Abstract

「原住民族傳統領域」，為國內探討原住民族土地議題的核心概念之一。原住民族委員會在於2017 年公佈「原住民族土地或部落範圍土地劃設辦法」，引發社會各界廣泛的討論，本文將這些討論作分析，發現現行的傳統領域劃設存在著「國家劃」和「部落劃」的二元討論，但本研究同時發現傳統領域既存著「重疊」的現象，如本文觀察到傳統領域劃設與地方發展議題的對遇，部落使用傳統領域論述強調資源空間歸屬的正當性，卻引發看似資源空間「競奪」的過程。本研究藉著這些問題所導引出的現象，提出傳統領域論述如果將空間視為封閉性、不可侵犯的，可能會帶來前述負面的影響。本文將從鉅觀的原住民族傳統領域聚焦到部落日常生活的實踐，藉以檢視劃設概念如何將傳統領域逐漸轉變為國家治理原住民族土地的手段；其次，如本研究案例所示，部落族人對於地方發展的需求是日益增高的狀況下，所以在思考傳統領域劃設的概念上，本研究提出的論點為釐清傳統領域的現代性，及其在當代社會的意義，換句話說，傳統領域作為部落回應現代社會的發展與調適。故此，本研究將焦點置放在探討傳統領域的空間性如何在現代社會中承載了什麼樣的空間意涵。筆者援引拼布(patchwork)觀點，其意涵在於如何看待界線與領域之間發生「縫補」的過程，回到傳統領域劃設的議題上，除了避免以「原住民族」全稱的「想像共同體」來思考空間，也藉以釐清現行行政區劃與傳統領域之間的關係，拼布(patching)可能涉及單個補釘，甚至整個被單(quilt；作為領域的隱喻)的製作(Leonardi：2020，212-213)。拼布觀點的導入，是將國家下更小的政治實體與認同視為混合物(conglomeration)，其在特定脈絡下通過地方領域(土)的動態運作過程中，共同構成國家形成的基本組成(Leonardi, 2020：212-213)。從此呼應本研究的案例，傳統領域與碧候溫泉開發的歸屬問題，也是在國家與地方的需求所想像著，同時意味著其促使傳統領域與資源空間被打造與被建構。

"Traditional Territory of indigenous peoples" is one of the core concepts in the issues of indigenous peoples'' land in Taiwan. In 2017, the Council of Indigenous Peoples announced the " Regulations on Land or Tribal Land Allocation for Indigenous Measures for the Demarcation of Indigenous People ", which triggered extensive discussions from all walks of life. This thesis analyzes these discussions and finds that there the dual discussions of "national demarcation" and "tribal demarcation" in the current Traditional Territory demarcation. But this study also finds that there is an "overlapping" phenomenon in Traditional Territory. In the cases, this thesis observed the confrontation between traditional field demarcation and local development issues. Tribes used Traditional Territory discourses to emphasize the legitimacy of spatial ownership of resources. but also triggered what appears to be a process of “competition” for resource space. Based on the phenomenon caused by these issues, this study proposes that if Traditional Territory discourses treats space as closed and inviolable, it may bring about the aforementioned negative effects. This thesis focuses on the Traditional Territory of indigenous peoples from the macro perspective to the daily life practices of tribes, in order to examine how the concept of demarcation gradually transforms Traditional Territory into a means for the state to govern indigenous peoples’ lands. Secondly, as shown in the research case, the tribal people’s demand for local development is increasing day by day. Therefore, when thinking about the concept of traditional field demarcation, the argument put forward in this study is to clarify the modernity of Traditional Territory and their significance in contemporary society. In other words, Traditional Territory as the tribes` respond to the development and adaptation of modern society. Therefore, this study also focuses on exploring how and what kinds of spatial meaning the spatiality of Traditional Territory carries in modern society. The author cites the perspective of patchwork, which view the process between boundaries and territories as patchwork, and return to the issue of Traditional Territory demarcation. In addition to avoiding the "imagined community" with the full name of " indigenous peoples" to think about space, it clarify the relationship between current administrative divisions and Traditional Territory. Patching may involve the production of a single patch or even an entire quilt (as a metaphor for the field) (Leonardi: 2020, 212- 213).The introduction of the patchwork perspective is to regard the smaller political entities and identities under the country as a conglomeration, which together constitute the basic components of the formation of the country in the dynamic operation process of the local territories in a specific context (Leonardi , 2020: 212-213). Echoing the case of this study, the issue of ownership of Traditional Territory and the development of Pyahaw Hot Spring is also imagined based on national and local needs, which at the also means that it promotes the creation and construction of Traditional Territory and resource spaces.