請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/92051
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 陳仕元 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.advisor | Shih-Yuan Chen | en |
dc.contributor.author | 簡羅斌 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author | Robin Raoul Jacques Jeanty | en |
dc.date.accessioned | 2024-03-04T16:17:22Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2024-07-04 | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2024-03-04 | - |
dc.date.issued | 2023 | - |
dc.date.submitted | 2024-01-25 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | [1] R. Jeanty and S.-Y. Chen, “Parasitic phase contribution of a double-sided parallel stripline phase inverter,” IEEE Radio and Antenna Days of the Indian Ocean (RADIO), pp. 1–2, 2019.
[2] T. T. Mo, Q. Xue, and C. H. Chan, “A broadband compact microstrip rat-race hybrid using a novel CPW inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 161–167, 2007. [3] Y.-G. Kim, S.-Y. Song, and K. W. Kim, “A compact wideband ring coupler utilizing a pair of transitions for phase inversion,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 25–27, 2011. [4] M. Murgulescu, E. Moisan, P. Legaud, E. Penard, and I. Zaquine, “New wideband, 0.67λg circumference 180° hybrid ring coupler,” Electronics Letters, vol. 30, pp. 299–300, 1994. [5] C.-W. Kao and C. H. Chen, “Novel uniplanar 180° hybrid-ring couplers with spiral-type phase inverters,” IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 412–414, 2000. [6] T. Wang and K. Wu, “Size-reduction and band-broadening design technique of uniplanar hybrid ring coupler using phase inverter for M(H)MIC’s,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 198–206, 1999. [7] L. Chiu and Q. Xue, “Compact and wideband parallel-strip 180° hybrid coupler with arbitrary power division ratios,” International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology, vol. 2013, 2013. [8] C.-H. Ho, L. Fan, and K. Chang, “New uniplanar coplanar waveguide hybridring couplers and magic-T’s,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 2440–2448, 1994. [9] C.-H. Chi and C.-Y. Chang, “A compact wideband 180° hybrid ring coupler using a novel interdigital CPS inverter,” 37th European Microwave Conference, pp. 548–551, 2007. [10] X.-C. Zhang, Z.-H. Liao, and X. Yang, “Microstrip phase inverters with different harmonic waves,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 28, no. 1, p. e21160, 2018. [11] F. Bongard, J. Perruisseau-Carrier, and J. R. Mosig, “Enhanced CRLH transmission line performances using a lattice network unit cell,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 431–433, 2009. [12] F. Bongard, J. Perruisseau-Carrier, and J. R. Mosig, “A novel composite right/lefthanded unit cell based on a lattice topology: theory and applications,” Proc. Metamaterials, pp. 338–340, September 2008. [13] F. Bongard and J. R. Mosig, “A novel composite right/left-handed unit cell and potential antenna applications,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, pp. 1–4, 2008. [14] L. Chiu and Q. Xue, “Wideband parallel-strip 90° hybrid coupler with swap,” Electronics Letters, vol. 44, pp. 687–688, 2008. [15] L. Chiu and Q. Xue, “Investigation of a wideband 90° hybrid coupler with an arbitrary coupling level,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1022–1029, 2010. [16] Y.-W. Wang, Y.-W. Hsu, and Y.-C. Lin, “An X-type CRLH leaky wave antenna with low cross-polarization,” 17th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 2180–2183, 2017. [17] W. Lin and R. W. Ziolkowski, “High-directivity, compact, omnidirectional horizontally polarized antenna array,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 6049–6058, 2020. [18] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Wiley, 2006. [19] C. Spartaco and M. Francescaromana, Signal Integrity and Radiated Emission of High-Speed Digital Systems. Wiley, 2008. [20] R. P. Clayton, Inductance: Loop and Partial. Wiley, November 2009. [21] A. E. Ruehli, “Inductance calculations in a complex integrated circuit environment,” IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 470–481, 1972. [22] N. N. Rao, Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics, 6th ed. Pearson Education Taiwan Ltd., 2004. [23] W. Che, L. Gu, and Y. L. Chow, “Formula derivation and verification of characteristic impedance for offset double-sided parallel strip line (DSPSL),” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 304–306, 2010. [24] V. van Treek, Analysis of Parasitic Oscillations in Communication Cells with High Voltage Power MOSFETs. PhD thesis, Ilmenau University of Technology, November 2012. [25] C. A. Hoer and C. H. Love, “Exact inductance equations for rectangular conductors with applications to more complicated geometries,” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, Section C: Engineering and Instrumentation, p. 127, 1965. [26] G. Alley, “Interdigital capacitors and their application to lumped-element microwave integrated circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 1028–1033, 1970. [27] I. Bahl, Lumped Elements for RF and Microwave Circuits. Artech, 2003. [28] Y. Li, Q. Xue, E. K.-N. Yung, and Y. Long, “The backfire-to-broadside symmetrical beam-scanning periodic offset microstrip antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 11, pp. 3499–3504, 2010. [29] “IEEE standard for definitions of terms for antennas,” IEEE Std 145-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std 145-1993), pp. 1–50, 2014. [30] D. R. Jackson and A. A. Oliner, Leaky-Wave Antennas, ch. 7, pp. 325–367. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. [31] W. Fuscaldo, Advanced radiating systems based on leaky waves and nondiffracting waves. PhD thesis, Université Rennes 1, Université de Rome Sapienza, 2017. [32] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering 4th ed. Wiley, 2011. [33] J. du Preez and S. Sinha, Millimeter-Wave Antennas: Configurations and Applications. Springer, 2016. [34] W. W. Hansen, “Radiating electromagnetic waveguide,” 1940. [35] M. Mohsen, M. S. Mohamad Isa, M. Isa, M. S. I. Mohd Zin, S. Saat, Z. Zakaria, I. Ibrahim, M. Abu, A. Ahmad, and M. Abdulhameed, “The fundamental of leaky wave antenna,” Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, vol. 10, pp. 119–127, 1 2018. [36] R. S. Elliott, Antenna Theory and Design, Revised Edition. Wiley, 2003. [37] A. A. Oliner, “Leakage from higher modes on microstrip line with application to antennas,” Radio Science, vol. 22, no. 06, pp. 907–912, 1987. [38] A. A. Oliner and D. R. Jackson, Leaky-Wave antennas. McGraw-Hill, 2007. [39] A. Sutinjo, M. Okoniewski, and R. H. Johnston, “Radiation from fast and slow traveling waves,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 175–181, 2008. [40] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, 2nd ed. Wiley, 1997. [41] W. Fuscaldo, A. Galli, and D. R. Jackson, “New beamwidth formulas for 1-D leakywave antennas: A review,” PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring), pp. 1243–1251, 2019. [42] C. Caloz and T. Itoh, “Array factor approach of leaky-wave antennas and application to 1-D/2-D composite right/left-handed (CRLH) structures,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 274–276, 2004. [43] S. Paulotto, P. Baccarelli, F. Frezza, and D. R. Jackson, “A novel technique for open-stopband suppression in 1-D periodic printed leaky-wave antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 57, no. 7, pp. 1894–1906, 2009. [44] S. Paulotto, P. Baccarelli, F. Frezza, and D. R. Jackson, “Full-wave modal dispersion analysis and broadside optimization for a class of microstrip CRLH leakywave antennas,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 2826–2837, 2008. [45] S. Otto, A. Rennings, K. Solbach, and C. Caloz, “Transmission line modeling and asymptotic formulas for periodic leaky-wave antennas scanning through broadside,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 10, pp. 3695–3709, 2011. [46] S. Otto, A. Al-Bassam, A. Rennings, K. Solbach, and C. Caloz, “Radiation efficiency of longitudinally symmetric and asymmetric periodic leaky-wave antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 11, pp. 612–615, 2012. [47] S. Otto, A. Al-Bassam, A. Rennings, K. Solbach, and C. Caloz, “Transversal asymmetry in periodic leaky-wave antennas for Bloch impedance and radiation efficiency equalization through broadside,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 10, pp. 5037–5054, 2014. [48] S. Otto, Solution to the Broadside Problem and Symmetry Properties of Periodic Leaky-Wave Antennas. PhD thesis, University of Duisburg-Essen, 2016. [49] A. B. B.A., “LXXXIV. an extension of a property of artificial lines,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 4, no. 24, pp. 902–907, 1927. [50] S. Otto, A. Al-Bassam, Z. Chen, A. Rennings, K. Solbach, and C. Caloz, “Q-balancing in periodic leaky-wave antennas to mitigate broadside radiation issues,” 7th German Microwave Conference, pp. 1–4, 2012. [51] S. Otto, Z. Chen, A. Al-Bassam, A. Rennings, K. Solbach, and C. Caloz, “Circular polarization of periodic leaky-wave antennas with axial asymmetry: Theoretical proof and experimental demonstration,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 1817–1829, 2014. [52] A. Al-Bassam, S. Otto, D. Heberling, and C. Caloz, “Broadside dual-channel orthogonal-polarization radiation using a double-asymmetric periodic leaky-wave antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2855–2864, 2017. [53] A. Al-Bassam, S. Otto, and C. Caloz, “Role of symmetries in periodic leaky-wave antennas, with emphasis on the double-asymmetry case,” 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1–2, 2015. [54] R. Jeanty and S.-Y. Chen, “A broadband bidirectional circularly polarized phase-inverter-based periodic leaky-wave antenna with same handedness,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 106760–106771, 2023. [55] C. Deng, Y. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Wang, and Z. Feng, “A bidirectional left-hand circularly polarized antenna using dual rotated patches,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2044–2047, 2013. [56] P. I. Nkimbeng Cho Hilary Scott, Wang Heesu, “Coplanar waveguide-fed bidirectional same-sense circularly polarized metasurface-based antenna,” J. Electromagn. Eng. Sci, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 210–217, 2021. [57] “Fixed radio systems; point-to-point and point-to-multipoint equipment; use of circular polarization in multipoint systems; part 1: Systems aspects,” Tech. Rep. TR 102 031-1, v1.1.1, ETSI, Sophia Antipolis, January 2002. [58] Y. Hou, Y. Li, T. Zhai, L. Chang, Z. Zhang, and Z. Feng, “Two designs of bidirectional same-sense circularly polarized antennas with cavity structures,” 11th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE), pp. 51–52, 2016. [59] S. Huang and Z. Li, “H-shaped aperture-fed bidirectional circularly polarized antenna using dual rotated patch,” 6th IEEE International Symposium on Microwave, Antenna, Propagation, and EMC Technologies (MAPE), pp. 71–74, 2015. [60] Z. Qian-yue, W. Guang-ming, and X. Dong-yu, “Bidirectional circularly polarized microstrip antenna fed by coplanar waveguide,” 7th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation & EM Theory, pp. 1–3, 2006. [61] A. Z. Narbudowicz, X. L. Bao, and M. J. Ammann, “Bidirectional circularly polarized microstrip antenna for GPS applications,” Loughborough Antennas & Propagation Conference, pp. 205–208, 2010. [62] Y. Hou, Y. Li, L. Chang, Z. Zhang, and Z. Feng, “Bidirectional same-sense circularly polarized antenna using slot-coupled back-to-back patches,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 645–648, 2017. [63] V. Shanmugam Bhaskar and E. L. Tan, “Same-sense circularly polarized grid-slotted patch antenna with wide axial ratio bandwidth,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 1494–1498, 2022. [64] M. Ye, X.-R. Li, and Q.-X. Chu, “Single-layer single-fed endfire antenna with bidirectional circularly polarized radiation of the same sense,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 621–624, 2017. [65] R. K. Jaiswal, A. K. Ojha, K. Kumari, K. V. Srivastava, and C.-Y.-D. Sim, “Wideband bidirectional same sense endfire circularly polarized antenna,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 65801–65808, 2022. [66] J. Hu, Z.-C. Hao, K. Fan, and Z. Guo, “A bidirectional same sense circularly polarized endfire antenna array with polarization reconfigurability,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 7150–7155, 2019. [67] N. Hussain, S. I. Naqvi, W. A. Awan, and T. T. Le, “A metasurface-based wideband bidirectional same-sense circularly polarized antenna,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 30, no. 8, p. e22262, 2020. [68] W. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Zhang, and Z. Feng, “A bidirectional array of the same left-handed circular polarization using a special substrate,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 1543–1546, 2013. [69] W. Liu, Z. Zhang, and Z. Feng, “A bidirectional circularly polarized array of the same sense based on CRLH transmission line,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 141, pp. 537–552, 2013. [70] Y. Zhang, D. Li, J. Wang, M. Chen, Z. Zhang, Z. Li, and Y. Li, “A high gain bidirectional circular polarization array using bow tie antenna elements for applications in long confined space,” 11th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE), pp. 101–104, 2016. [71] Y. Zhao, K. Wei, Z. Zhang, and Z. Feng, “A waveguide antenna with bidirectional circular polarizations of the same sense,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 12, pp. 559–562, 2013. [72] Y. Zhao, Z. Zhang, K. Wei, and Z. Feng, “A dual circularly polarized waveguide antenna with bidirectional radiations of the same sense,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 480–484, 2014. [73] Z. L. Ma and X. F. Xiao, “Additively manufactured dual circularly polarized antennas with bidirectional same-sense radiation and wide bandwidth characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 1029–1034, 2023. [74] J. Shi, X. Wu, X. Qing, and Z. N. Chen, “An omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna array,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 574–581, 2016. [75] A. Wang, X. Li, X. Yi, L. Yang, J. Zhao, and A. Li, “Dual circularly polarised omnidirectional antenna,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 870–873, 2019. [76] F. Khosravi and P. Mousavi, “Bidirectional same-sense circularly polarized slot antenna using polarization converting surface,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 13, pp. 1652–1655, 2014. [77] A. Gil-Martínez, Y. El Gholb, M. Poveda-García, J. L. Gómez-Tornero, and N. E. A. El Idrissi, “An array of leaky wave antennas for indoor smart wireless access point applications,” International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (WINCOM), pp. 1–4, 2019. [78] M. K. Emara and S. Gupta, “Integrated multiport leaky-wave antenna multiplexer/demultiplexer system for millimeter-wave communication,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 5244–5256, 2021. [79] Y. El Gholb, M. Poveda-Garcia, J. L. G. Tornero, J. M. Molina-Garcia-Pardo, and N. El Amrani El Idrissi, “A mobile terminal leaky-wave antenna for efficient 5G communication,” IEEE-APS Topical Conference on Antennas and Propagation in Wireless Communications (APWC), pp. 402–402, 2019. [80] Z. Lin, L. Wang, B. Tan, and X. Li, “Spatial-spectral terahertz networks,” IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 3881–3892, 2022. [81] Y. Ghasempour, R. Shrestha, A. Charous, E. Knightly, and D. M. Mittleman, “Single-shot link discovery for terahertz wireless networks,” Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, 2020. [82] J. Sarrazin, “MUSIC-based angle-of-arrival estimation using multi-beam leakywave antennas,” XXXIVth General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS), pp. 1–4, 2021. [83] J. Sarrazin and G. Valerio, “Multibeam leaky-wave antenna for mm-wave wide-angular-range AoA estimation,” 16th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1–5, 2022. [84] B. Sahinbas, L. Weisgerber, and M. Schühler, “AoA and source polarization estimation with circularly polarized multibeam antenna using MUSIC algorithm,” 11th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EUCAP), pp. 1748–1752, 2017. [85] K. V. Mishra, M. Bhavani Shankar, V. Koivunen, B. Ottersten, and S. A. Vorobyov, “Toward millimeter-wave joint radar communications: A signal processing perspective,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 100–114, 2019. [86] M. Steeg, F. Exner, J. Tebart, A. Czylwik, and A. Stöhr, “OFDM joint communication–radar with leaky-wave antennas,” Electronics Letters, vol. 56, no. 21, pp. 1139–1141, 2020. [87] X. Huo, J. Wang, Z. Li, Y. Li, M. Chen, and Z. Zhang, “Periodic leaky-wave antenna with circular polarization and low-sll properties,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1195–1198, 2018. [88] D. Sánchez-Escuderos, M. Ferrando-Bataller, J. I. Herranz, and V. M. Rodrigo-Peñarrocha, “Low-loss circularly polarized periodic leaky-wave antenna,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 15, pp. 614–617, 2016. [89] Y. Bai and A. Cheng, “A spoof surface plasmon leaky-wave antenna with circular polarization,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 30, no. 8, p. e22248, 2020. [90] S. Zhang, Z.-J. Xie, C. Xu, M.-H. Tong, and J. Wang, “Broadband circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, vol. 32, no. 7, p. e23168, 2022. [91] Q. Zhang, Q. Zhang, and Y. Chen, “High-efficiency circularly polarised leaky-wave antenna fed by spoof surface plasmon polaritons,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1639–1644, 2018. [92] M. Wang, H. C. Wang, S. C. Tian, H. F. Ma, and T. J. Cui, “Spatial multi-polarized leaky-wave antenna based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 8168–8173, 2020. [93] J. Lu, J. Geng, W. Gao, D. Su, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, C. Ren, K. Wang, H. Zhou, C. He, X. Liang, and R. Jin, “A wideband circularly polarized leaky-wave antenna,” PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium (PIERS), pp. 1061–1065, 2022. [94] A. Sarkar, S. Mukherjee, A. Sharma, A. Biswas, and M. Jaleel Akhtar, “SIW-based quad-beam leaky-wave antenna with polarization diversity for four-quadrant scanning applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 3918–3925, 2018. [95] C. Caloz, T. Itoh, and A. Rennings, “CRLH metamaterial leaky-wave and resonant antennas,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 25–39, 2008. [96] S. Otto, A. Rennings, T. Liebig, C. Caloz, and K. Solbach, “An energy-based circuit parameter extraction method for CRLH leaky wave antennas,” 4th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, pp. 1–5, 2010. [97] G. Masters, K. Haner, and J. Demas, NSI 2000 Operating Manual (Standard Edition) using Series-A & Series-B Controllers - Version 4. NSI Nearfield Systems, Inc., som-nsi2000-v4, rev c ed., May 2005. [98] A. Al-Bassam, S. Otto, D. Heberling, and C. Caloz, “Analytical formulas for frequency-unbalanced periodic leaky-wave antennas,” PhotonIcs & Electromagnetics Research Symposium - Spring (PIERS-Spring), pp. 1236–1242, 2019. [99] Y.-L. Lyu, F.-Y. Meng, G.-H. Yang, D. Erni, Q. Wu, and K. Wu, “Periodic SIW leaky-wave antenna with large circularly polarized beam scanning range,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 2493–2496, 2017. [100] J. Butler, “Beam-forming matrix simplifies design of electronically scanned antennas,” Electronic Design, vol. 9, pp. 170–173, 1961. [101] R. Jeanty and S.-Y. Chen, “A compact broadband phase-inverter-based two-section forward coupler for sub-6-ghz band,” IEEE AP-S International Symposium and URSI Radio Science Meeting, pp. 965–966, July 2019. [102] S.-S. Liao, P.-T. Sun, N.-C. Chin, and J.-T. Peng, “A novel compact-size branchline coupler,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 588–590, 2005. [103] Y.-H. Chun and J.-S. Hong, “Compact wide-band branch-line hybrids,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, pp. 704–709, Feb 2006. [104] R. K. Barik, K. V. Phani Kumar, and S. S. Karthikeyan, “Compact wideband 3dB branch line coupler with multiple symmetric pi section,” European Microwave Conference (EuMC), pp. 275–278, Sep. 2015. [105] Y.-H. Chun and J.-S. Hong, “Design of a compact broadband branch-line hybrid,” IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005., pp. 997–1000, 2005. [106] K. Phani Kumar, R. K. Barik, and S. Karthikeyan, “A novel two section branch line coupler employing different transmission line techniques,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 738–742, 2016. [107] Q. Wu, Y. Yang, M. Lin, and X. Shi, “Miniaturized broadband branch-line coupler,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 740–743, 2014. [108] B. M. Sa’ad, S. K. Rahim, and R. Dewan, “Compact wide-band branch-line coupler with meander line, cross, and two-step stubs,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 55, no. 8, pp. 1810–1815, 2013. [109] M. Kumar, S. N. Islam, G. Sen, T. Mitra Das, S. K. Parui, and S. Das, “Miniaturisation of branch line couplers with a compact transmission line topology based on coupled line section,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 448–455, 2020. [110] T. Hirota, A. Minakawa, and M. Muraguchi, “Reduced-size branch-line and rat-race hybrids for uniplanar MMIC’s,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 270–275, 1990. [111] S.-C. Jung, R. Negra, and F. M. Ghannouchi, “A miniaturized double-stage 3dB broadband branch-line hybrid coupler using distributed capacitors,” Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 1323–1326, 2009. [112] K. Eccleston and S. Ong, “Compact planar microstripline branch-line and rat-race couplers,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 51, no. 10, pp. 2119–2125, 2003. [113] P. Kurgan and S. Koziel, “Design of high-performance hybrid branch-line couplers for wideband and space-limited applications,” IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1339–1344, 2016. [114] Y.-C. Chiang and C.-Y. Chen, “Design of a wide-band lumped-element 3-dB quadrature coupler,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 9, pp. 476 – 479, 04 2001. [115] R. M. Khattab and A.-A. T. Shalaby, “Metamaterial-based broadband branch-line coupler and its application in a balanced amplifier,” International Conference on Electronic Engineering (ICEEM), pp. 1–7, 2021. [116] H.-J. Yoon and B.-W. Min, “Two section wideband 90° hybrid coupler using parallel-coupled three-line,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 548–550, 2017. [117] M. Muraguchi, T. Yukitake, and Y. Naito, “Optimum design of 3-dB branch-line couplers using microstrip lines,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 674–678, 1983. [118] H. Nachouane, A. Najid, A. Tribak, and F. Riouch, “Broadband 4×4 Butler matrix using wideband 90° hybrid couplers and crossovers for beamforming networks,” International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), pp. 1444–1448, 2014. [119] D.-J. Ma, H.-L. Peng, W.-Y. Yin, and J.-F. Mao, “The realization of high isolation and wide band 4×4 microstrip Butler matrix,” International Conference on Microwave Technology and Computational Electromagnetics, pp. 88–91, 2009. [120] X.-Z. Wang, F.-C. Chen, and Q.-X. Chu, “A compact broadband 4 x 4 Butler matrix with 360° continuous progressive phase shift,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 71, no. 9, pp. 3906–3914, 2023. [121] A. A. M. Ali, N. J. G. Fonseca, F. Coccetti, and H. Aubert, “Design and implementation of two-layer compact wideband Butler matrices in SIW technology for Ku-band applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 503–512, 2011. [122] L. M. Abdelghani, T. Denidni, and M. Nedil, “Ultra-broadband 4×4 compact Butler matrix using multilayer directional couplers and phase shifters,” IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, pp. 1–3, 2012. [123] T.-H. Lin, S.-K. Hsu, and T.-L. Wu, “Bandwidth enhancement of 4×4 Butler matrix using broadband forward-wave directional coupler and phase difference compensation,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 4099–4109, 2013. [124] S. Gruszczynski and K. Wincza, “Broadband 4×4 Butler matrices as a connection of symmetrical multisection coupled-line 3-dB directional couplers and phase correction networks,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2009. | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/92051 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 本論文中,我們聚焦於一個在微波電路中鮮少使用的元件,即相位反轉器,探討它在波束成形應用中的多功能性。其中,我們研究了相位反轉器在波束成形系統中的緊湊性、相移、寬頻和輻射能力。我們提出了實際的分佈式相位反轉器,其與理想的相位反轉器不同處在於一個我們稱之為寄生相位貢獻(PPC)的物理量。我們對該元件進行深入的研究,解釋其設計並強調其全通特性。我們還開發了一種新的建模方法,可從分佈式相位反轉器中提取PPC。此方法中,幾乎所有物理尺寸都可透過解析公式計算出它們的等效集總元件值。
接著,我們以相位反轉器作為輻射單位晶格,開發出有史以來第一款具有相同圓極化旋轉性質的雙向單層週期洩漏波天線。我們提供了其工作機制的詳細分析,包括其等效電路、開放阻帶之消除、輻射機制與模型、以及90度相位差和雙向相同圓極化旋轉性質成因的數學證明。我們也透過實做樣品驗證其全通特性:軸比頻寬為40%,圓極化波束掃描範圍達79度。此外,也提出了其他兩款更容易實現在更高頻率的設計。 最後,我們展示了相位反轉器在巴特勒矩陣中的兩個導波應用:相位反轉器可用於縮短四分之一波長轉換器,進而縮小兩段式分支線耦合器的面積,並可用作+45度相移器的相移單元,以提升頻寬。值得一提的是,我們證明了巴特勒矩陣的傳統交叉線設計限制了矩陣操作頻寬,因其具有仿射傳輸相位。因此,我們提出具有線性相位的新型交叉線設計,可最大化+45度的頻寬。與傳統設計相比,巴特勒矩陣的操作頻寬可因此大幅提升。在整個頻寬範圍內,觀察到的輸出相位不平衡維持在±10度內,振幅不平衡也得以維持。最後,我們整合了基於相位反轉器之寬頻縮小化4×4巴特勒矩陣與基於相位反轉器之週期洩漏波天線做為驗證。整個波束成形系統在縱向平面上呈現頻率相依性波束掃描,在橫向平面上則呈現頻率獨立性掃描。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | In this dissertation, we give prominence to an underused component named the phase inverter and highlight its versatility in answering wideband beamforming applications. In particular, we investigate the phase inverter’s compactness, phase shifting, wideband, and radiating capabilities in the context of a beamforming system. We present the “real” distributed phase inverter as deviating from an ideal phase inverter by a quantity termed “parasitic phase contribution (PPC).” An in-depth study of the component is conducted, which explains its design and underlines its all-pass behavior. We also develop a novel modeling approach to extract the PPC from a distributed phase inverter, where almost all physical dimensions are linked to their lumped element equivalents through formulas.
Then, the phase inverter is employed as a radiating unit cell to form the first bidirectional circularly polarized periodic leaky-wave antenna with the same handedness ever reported. An extensive analysis of its working mechanism is provided that encompasses an equivalent circuit, the closure of the open stopband, a radiation model, and mathematical derivations of the phase quadrature and the same handedness. We experimentally verify an all-pass behavior, an axial ratio bandwidth of 40%, and a scanning range of 79°. Two other designs are also described that are more prone to scalability to higher frequencies. Finally, we unveil two guided-wave applications of phase inverters in the context of a Butler matrix. The phase inverters are used to shrink the quarter-wavelength transformers of two-section branch-line couplers and used as phase shifting cells for +45° phase shifters following the composite right-/left-handed ”bandwidth enhancement” technique. In particular, we prove that the Butler matrix’s conventional crossover limits the bandwidth enhancement because of its affine transmission phase. Therefore, it is replaced by a novel crossover with a linear phase to maximize the +45° bandwidth. Compared to conventional designs, a significant widening of the Butler matrix’s bandwidth over which the output phase gradients retain a ±10° imbalance is observed. Low magnitude imbalance is also preserved throughout the bandwidth. In the end, for verification, the wideband Butler matrix is combined with a four-element array formed by substrateintegrated waveguide phase-inverter-based periodic leaky-wave antennas. The whole system exhibits a frequency-dependent scanning in the longitudinal plane and a frequency-independent scanning in the transverse plane. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Submitted by admin ntu (admin@lib.ntu.edu.tw) on 2024-03-04T16:17:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2024-03-04T16:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Ph.D. Dissertation Acceptance Certificate i
Acknowledgements ii 摘要vi Abstract viii List of Publications xi Table of Contents xii List of Figures xviii List of Tables xxv List of Abbreviations xxvii Chapter I Introduction 1 I.1 Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I.2 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I.3 Dissertation organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter II Phase inverter and parasitic phase contribution 6 II.1 General form of phase inverters and common uses in the literature . . 7 II.2 Matching, transmision phase, and parasitic phase contribution of aphase inverter 9 II.3 Synthesis of a phase inverter on a double-sided parallel stripline . . . 12 II.3.1 Modeling of the metallic coupled vias through analytical formulas . 14 II.3.1.1 Inductance of each via . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 II.3.1.2 Capacitance between the coupled vias . . . . . . . . . 17 II.3.1.3 Equivalent model of the coupled vias . . . . . . . . . . 17 II.3.2 Modeling of the host line through analytical formulas . . . . . . . . 18 II.3.2.1 Host line capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 II.3.2.2 Host line and phase inverter’s inductances . . . . . . . 19 II.3.3 Phase inverter’s interdigital capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 II.3.4 Comparison between full-wave simulations and the equivalent model using values from Q3D and closed-form formulas. . . . . . . . . . . 23 II.3.5 Differences with the results presented at IEEE RADIO 2019 . . . . 25 II.4 Short summary of Chapter II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Chapter III Theory of leaky-wave antennas 27 III.1 IEEE definition of leaky-wave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 III.2 General theory of leaky-wave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 III.3 Uniform and quasi-uniform leaky-wave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . 35 III.4 Periodic leaky-wave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 III.4.1 Floquet theorem and space harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 III.4.2 Radiation pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 III.4.3 The open stopband issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 III.4.4 Closure of the open stopband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 III.4.4.1 Propagation constant and Bloch impedance . . . . . . . 47 III.4.4.2 Approximation of γ, ZB, Zse, and Ysh near broadside . 49 III.4.4.3 Two independent conditions for the closure of the OSB 50 III.4.4.4 Impact of frequency- and Q-balancing on αcp, Z+c , and η 51 III.4.4.5 Polarization of double symmetric periodic leaky-waveantennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 III.4.4.6 Polarization of transversally symmetric periodic leakywave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 III.4.4.7 Polarization of transversally asymmetric periodic leakywave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 III.4.4.8 Polarization of double asymmetric periodic leaky-wave antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 III.5 Short summary of Chapter III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Chapter IV Phase inverters as radiating unit cells for leaky-wave antennas 61 IV.1 Potential industrial application and place in the literature . . . . . . . 62 IV.2 Matching, electrical length, phase constant, and leakage factor of the phase-inverter-based unit cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 IV.3 Procedure for unit cell design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 IV.4 Modeling of the main radiators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 IV.5 Modeling and design for circular polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 IV.5.1 Voltage VA and current IB deducted from the symmetrical circuit . . 78 IV.5.2 Radiation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 IV.5.2.1 Calculation of the arguments of the far fields . . . . . . 80 IV.5.2.2 Remarks regarding kzhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 IV.5.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 IV.5.3.1 Phase quadrature and same handedness . . . . . . . . . 84 IV.5.3.2 Difference with a conventional composite right-/lefthanded cell on double-sided stripline . . . . . . . . . . 85 IV.5.3.3 Equalization of the far-field magnitudes . . . . . . . . 86 IV.6 A 30-cell circularly-polarized phase-inverter-based periodic leaky-wave antenna prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 IV.6.1 Simulated 30-cell periodic leaky-wave antenna on HFSS . . . . . . 90 IV.6.2 Simulation and measurements of the 30-cell periodic leaky-wave antenna with transitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 IV.6.3 Comparison of the prototype with relevant antennas from the literature 95 IV.6.4 Sensitivity of the periodic leaky-wave antenna to manufacturing inaccuracies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 IV.6.5 Measurement setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 IV.7 Example: application of the procedure to the design of a -90°-parasiticphase contribution PI-based unit cell on a 50-Ω double-sided parallel stripline. Parameter study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 IV.8 Two alternative designs scalable to higher frequencies. . . . . . . . . 109 IV.8.1 Hybrid interdigital capacitor and parallel-plate topology . . . . . . . 110 IV.8.2 Parallel-plate topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 IV.9 Factors to consider when designing our proposed PI-based unit cell . 115 IV.10 Short summary of Chapter IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Chapter V Guided-wave applications of phase inverters for an enhanced Butler matrix 119 V.1 Motivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 V.2 Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 V.3 Compact quarter-wavelength transformers and two-section +90° branchline couplers using phase inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 V.3.1 Compact couplers in the literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 V.3.2 Theory for PI-based compact quarter-wavelength transformers . . . 127 V.3.3 Compact 7-phase-inverter two-section branch-line coupler . . . . . 130 V.3.4 Simulations and measurements of the compact 7-PI BLC . . . . . . 134 V.3.5 Simulation of a bandwidth-optimized 7-PI BLC . . . . . . . . . . . 138 V.4 X-crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 V.4.1 Replacement of the conventional crossover for bandwidth enhancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 V.4.2 Prototype of the proposed X-crossover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 V.4.3 Comparison with the traditional CRLH unit cells . . . . . . . . . . 149 V.5 Phase-inverter-based +45° phase shifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 V.6 0° phase shifter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 V.7 Wideband phase-inverter-based Butler matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 V.7.1 Simulation and measurements of the prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 V.7.2 Comparison between our prototype and Butler matrices from the literature.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 V.8 SIW PI-based PLW antenna element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 V.8.1 Choice of the antenna element for the array . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 V.8.2 Simulations of the SIW PLWA prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 V.9 Butler matrix with a 4x1 SIW PLWA array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 V.10 Short summary of Chapter V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Chapter VI Conclusion and future work 177 VI.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 VI.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 References 181 Appendix A — The double-sided parallel stripline as our host line 199 Appendix B — Alternative multilayer topology for the 7-PI compact BLC 201 B.1 Structure with metal patches on the outer layers . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 B.2 Pros and Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Appendix C — Choosing the proper frequency sweep and solver 204 C.1 Choice of the frequency sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 C.2 Choice of the solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 | - |
dc.language.iso | en | - |
dc.title | 應用相位反轉器於週期洩漏波天線和增強型二維波束成形系統 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Application of Phase Inverters to Periodic Leaky-Wave Antennas and an Enhanced 2D Beamforming System | en |
dc.type | Thesis | - |
dc.date.schoolyear | 112-1 | - |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | - |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 陳晏笙;馬自莊;廖文照;陳念偉 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Yen-Sheng Chen;Tzyh-Ghuang Ma;Wen-Jiao Liao;Nan-Wei Chen | en |
dc.subject.keyword | 頻寬增加,波束成形,巴特勒矩陣,圓極化,緊湊性,雙面平行導線,正向耦合器,洩漏波天線,相位反轉器,相同圓極化旋轉性質, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Bandwidth enhancement,Beamforming,Butler matrix,Circular polarization,Compactness,Double-sided parallel striplines,Forward couplers,Leaky-wave antennas,Phase inverters,Same handedness, | en |
dc.relation.page | 208 | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202400197 | - |
dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | - |
dc.date.accepted | 2024-01-26 | - |
dc.contributor.author-college | 電機資訊學院 | - |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 電信工程學研究所 | - |
顯示於系所單位: | 電信工程學研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-112-1.pdf | 11.25 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。