殉道者的啟示：鄭南榕的《自由時代》文本之批判性隱喻分析研究

Abstract

政治言談（political discourse）的概念和意識形態透過隱喻（metaphor）被揭露台灣在過去民主化過程累積非常多的政治論述，尤其針對台灣主體性的論述近年受到非常多的注意，我們認為有必要檢視台灣主體性論述中要性的文本，並且透過隱喻（metaphor）分析來解析文本背後的意識形態。因此我們選擇在台灣獨立與言論自由扮演重要角色的鄭南榕。有言論自由殉道者之稱的鄭南榕，在戒嚴時期不斷地突破禁忌，一次又一次的以和平非暴力的方式激起台灣人追求民主自由的熱情。而在會查禁不利於政府的黨外雜誌的威權時期，《自由時代》有計畫性的透過申請登記了二十二張執照，以作為被停刊時的備用方針，也因此創下了戒嚴時期發興最久的黨外雜誌。身為總編輯，從《自由時代》創刊以來，鄭南榕根據時事與對台灣未來的想像，寫成文章並且發表。這些文章長達兩百三十篇，對於爭取民主、自由、人權以及台灣獨立有了最完整的論述。 我們採用了Lakoff 與 Johnson (1980) 的概念隱喻理論（Conceptual Metaphor Theory）及 Charteris-Black (2004) 的批判隱喻分析（Critical Metaphor Analysis）來作為此研究的理論架構。我們將關鍵詞設定為「國民黨」、「台灣」、「民主」三種。研究結果顯示鄭南榕使用隱喻時，以結構譬喻及實體譬喻為主，而實體譬喻又以擬人化（personification）數量最多。與其他研究相符，政治言談（political discourse）中有大量的戰爭隱喻（war metaphor）。從意識形態的角度，由於他不認同國民黨的統治，因此在譬喻國民黨時，皆是負面的詞彙；而台灣則有許多受難者的隱喻。本研究為台灣主體性提供了一個語言學的角度，希望為台灣國家正常化的論述以及閱讀鄭南榕文章的人士有所幫助。鄭南榕以文章、民主運動和自焚為我們展現了身為「台灣人」的志氣，我們也期許未來有更多研究從不同領域來解構鄭南榕的思想，以讓更多人明瞭他對我們的啟示。

The concept and ideology of political discourse is revealed through metaphor. Taiwan has accumulated a lot of political discourse during the democratization process in the past, especially the discourse on Taiwan's subjectivity has received a lot of attention in recent years. We think it is necessary to review an essential text in Taiwan's discourse on subjectivity, and analyze the ideology behind the text through metaphor. Therefore, we choose Nan-Jung Cheng, who plays an important role in Taiwan's independence and freedom of speech. Nan-Jung Cheng, known as a martyr for freedom of speech, constantly broke taboos during the martial law period, and aroused the enthusiasm of Taiwanese to pursue democracy and freedom in a peaceful and non-violent way again and again. During the authoritarian period of banning magazines that are not conducive to the government, "The Freedom Era Weekly" planned to apply for and register 22 licenses as a backup policy when it was suspended. As the editor-in-chief, since the inception of "The Freedom Era Weekly", Nan-Jung Cheng has written and published articles based on current events and his imagination of Taiwan's future. These articles, which are 230 in length, provide the most complete exposition of the struggle for democracy, freedom, human rights, and Taiwan independence. We adopt Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Charteris-Black (2004)'s Critical Metaphor Analysis as the theoretical framework for this study. We set the keywords as "KMT", "Taiwan" and "Democracy". The research results show that when Nan-Jung Cheng used metaphors, he mainly used structural metaphors and ontological metaphors, and personification has the largest number. Consistent with other research, there is a large amount of war metaphor in political discourse. From an ideological point of view, since he does not agree with the rule of the Kuomintang, the metaphors for the Kuomintang are all negative words; in Taiwan, there are many metaphors for victims. This study provides a linguistic perspective on Taiwan's subjectivity, and it is hoped that it will be helpful to the discourse on Taiwan's state normalization and to those who read Nan-Jung Cheng's article. Nan-Jung Cheng has shown us his ambition to be a "Taiwanese" through his articles, pro-democracy movement and self-immolation. We also hope that more research will deconstruct Nan-Jung Cheng 's thoughts from different fields in the future, so that more people can understand his enlightenment to us.