碳抵換機制中的私權威：以Verified Carbon Standard和Gold Standard為例

Abstract

本論文深入探討哪些因素會影響碳抵換獨立機制的私權威，並以Verified Carbon Standard和Gold Standard進行個案研究。從受治者觀點出發，分析獨立機制何以獲得受治者遵從。本文採用多種社會科學研究方法，包括採用深度訪談法搜集自願性碳交易市場參與者的觀點，以及參與觀察法至減碳專案開發現場獲取第一手資訊，以此解析Verified Carbon Standard和Gold Standard何以獲得並維持其私權威。 本文主要研究發現分為三點。首先，獨立機制在創建初期能否獲得私權威，取決於其是否能夠得到具聲譽的社會網絡支持，以及後期能否與其他公私部門建立合作關係。其次，獨立機制的影響力取決於與參與者的互動程度。若參與者能直接參與獨立機制之規範制定，得以直接監督相關規範，有助於提高其對於獨立機制之認同與遵守。反之，對於未直接參與的行為者而言，則需要仰賴第三方機制的背書，因此有了第二層私權威的存在。最後，本文指出，獨立機制的私權威並非一成不變，而具動態演化的特徵。不僅會受公部門政策更動的影響，外界的監督與評價也會影響其治理成效。

This article delves into the factors influencing the private authority of carbon offset independent mechanisms, using the Verified Carbon Standard and the Gold Standard as case studies. Primarily, this article explores how an independent mechanism can gain compliance from the governed. It employs various social science research methods, including in-depth interviews to gather perspectives from voluntary carbon market participants, and participatory observation at carbon project development sites to obtain firsthand information, to analyze how the Verified Carbon Standard and the Gold Standard acquire and maintain their private authority. The main results of this study can be summarized into three points. Firstly, whether an independent mechanism can gain private authority depends on gaining the support of a reputable social network in the initial stage, and establishing cooperative relationships with other public sectors and private organizations in the later stage. Secondly, the impact of an independent mechanism depends on the interaction with the governed. If the governed are directly involved in the formulation of the rules and regulations of the independent mechanisms, allowing them to directly supervise the independent mechanisms, then their identification with the independent mechanism will be strengthened. On the other hand, for those who are not directly involved, the independent mechanisms need to rely on other third-party certifiers to increase their private authority. As a result, the third-party certification creates a second layer of private authority. Lastly, this study indicates that the private authority of the independent mechanism is not static, but rather dynamic. It is affected by changes in government policies and external supervision.