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標題: | 都市綠地榕樹及平戶杜鵑維護管理技術之改進 Improvement of Maintenance and Management Techniques of Chinese Banyan and Hirado Azalea in Urban Green Spaces |
作者: | 陸曉嵐 Hiu Nam Phoebe Luk |
指導教授: | 張育森 Yu-Sen Chang |
關鍵字: | 水楊酸,氯化鈣,激勃素類,平戶杜鵑,正榕, Salicylic Acid,Calcium Chloride,Gibberellins,Hirodo Azalea,Ficus microcarpa, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 榕樹(Ficus microcarpa, Chinese Banyan)為常見的景觀樹木,為台北市的市樹,廣泛栽植於市內的行道、公園綠地、道路分隔島等,可提供良好的遮蔭及綠化效果。常見的榕樹品種包括正榕(Ficus microcarpa var. microcarpa)、小葉榕(Ficus microcarpa var. crassifolia)及厚葉榕(Ficus microcarpa var. pusillifolia)。本試驗調查生長於不同地點和品種的榕樹之形態特徵、品種特性、以及生長情況,從中探討較適合栽植於都市中的榕樹品種。結果顯示,小葉榕的葉片摺曲角度及葉面積最小,為三者中最具耐旱潛力的品種。在生長調查中,數量最多的榕樹品種為正榕、小葉榕次之,數量最少為厚葉榕,且厚葉榕僅見於綠地,其餘兩種則分佈於行道樹穴、種植帶、以及綠地。種植於樹穴的榕樹的樹高、胸徑和冠幅均小於種植於綠地的個體,此現象與栽植空間和管理方式有關。正榕的地表根系較小葉榕容易破壞鄰近硬鋪面,此現象與品種特性和樹齡有關。依據目前調查結果推論小葉榕可能較正榕更適合在都市中種植,未來可進一步調查小葉榕的生長特性,繼而確立其品種特性及種植要點。
杜鵑花是重要的花木,其種類眾多,常用於景觀造園,亦可作盆花栽培,杜鵑花為臺灣大學的校花,校內品種以平戶杜鵑(Hirado azaleas)為主,主要的品種包括艷紫杜鵑(Rhododendron pulchurm Sweet)、粉白杜鵑(R. mucronatum G. Don cv. Akemono)以及白琉球杜鵑(R. mucronatum G. Don)等。每年三月天氣回暖的時候,臺灣大學椰林大道兩旁的杜鵑花會盛放,有「杜鵑花城」的美譽。惟氣候變遷改變杜鵑原有的生長環境,夏季常出現高溫逆境,受影響的杜鵑葉片會出現黃化、褐化或萎凋的現象,降低杜鵑花的光合作用效率。另外,近年冬季氣溫偏高且難以預測,不利杜鵑花的開花生長,引起開花不整齊的問題,使花況不如以往盛大,降低其觀賞品質。本研究擬探討外施水楊酸(salicylic acid, SA)、氯化鈣(CaCl2) 提升夏季高溫下杜鵑花耐熱性之可行性,以及探討外施激勃素(gibberellic acid, GA3)對促進杜鵑花開花及開花品質的影響,期能有效提升杜鵑花的生長及觀賞品質。 在葉施水楊酸及氯化鈣提升夏季高溫下之杜鵑花耐熱性方面,透過調查臺灣大學園藝分場及校園內蒲葵道的杜鵑花在葉施水楊酸及氯化鈣處理後之葉片之葉綠素計(SPAD)讀值、常態性植生指數(NDVI)讀值、葉片面積及葉綠素螢光參數,評估葉施水楊酸(SA)及氯化鈣(CaCl2)對提升杜鵑花耐熱能力之效果。結果顯示,對杜鵑花葉施100 µM SA或10 mM CaCl2可提升其葉片在高溫下的SPAD、NDVI和Fv/Fm讀值,並降低RI值,但葉片面積則較未受高溫逆境的植株小,顯示SA及CaCl2具有在高溫下維持細胞膜穩定性的效果,能減輕杜鵑花所受到的高溫傷害,改善其生長品質,但未能改變因高溫而造成的葉片面積縮減。根據現有結果,對杜鵑花噴施100 µM SA或10 mM CaCl2,即有助提升杜鵑花的耐熱能力。 在外施激勃素對杜鵑花開花之影響方面,透過調查臺灣大學校園內椰林大道及蒲葵道的杜鵑花在施用激勃素(GA3)後,開花期間的各項開花生長之參數及氣象資料,評估杜鵑花在施用GA3後的開花品質,以及外施GA3對杜鵑花花期的影響。在特定的花苞生長階段對其施用GA3可改善其開花品質並調節花期,在提早花期方面,可於花苞直徑達3.8 mm時對種植於透光度較低的環境杜鵑花葉施500 mg·L-1的GA3,種植於透光度較高的環境杜鵑則可以葉施1000 mg·L-1的GA3。於花苞直徑5.8 mm時施用500 mg·L-1的GA3可提升開花一致性,在花苞直徑3.8 mm階段施用1000 mg·L-1的GA3可提升開花品質,在延長花期方面,在透光度較高的環境中可以在花苞直徑達3.8 mm時施用1000 mg·L-1 GA3,在透光度較低的環境則可在花苞直徑5.8 mm前施用1000 mg·L-1的GA3。 綜合上述研究,在榕樹的品種特性方面,小葉榕的結構及管理問題較少,葉片亦具有較耐旱的特徵,較有潛力種植於市區的榕樹品種。在提升杜鵑花耐熱性方面,對杜鵑花噴施100 µM SA或10 mM CaCl2,即有助改善杜鵑花在高溫下的生理指標。在外施激勃素對杜鵑花開花之影響方面,在不同的花苞生長階段施用GA3對開花會帶來不同的影響,可提升開花品質並調節花期。 Chinese banyan trees (Ficus microcarpa) are evergreen trees distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. This common ornamental tree that originated in Taiwan and is also regarded as the city tree of Taipei. The species characteristics of three Chinese banyan tree varieties, including Ficus microcarpa var. microcarpa, F. microcarpa var. crassifolia, and F. microcarpa var. pusillifolia, differ from each other. The research conducted a survey on the growth patterns and common tree defects of the three varieties in order to investigate their desirable growth conditions. Based on the survey result, F. microcarpa var. pusillifolia may be the most suitable to be planted in the urban area. From a tree morphonology perspective, its tree crown is relatively smaller in size, implying that it requires only minimal pruning to maintain the size and shape of the tree crown. Therefore, less manpower and resources need to be spent on pruning, thus reducing the chance of infection on the pruning wonuds. In terms of leaf morphonology, the leaf folding angle of F. microcarpa var. pusillifolia is the smallest among three banyan tree species. This implies that this species has a higher drought-tolerant capacity and is more adaptable to unfavorable growing environment. Furthermore, the morphology of F. microcarpa var. pusillifolia resembles that of F. microcarpa var. microcarpa, allowing it to be used as replacement for removed banyan trees without significantly modifying the landscape. Rhododendron is a significant flowering shrub found around the world. There are numerous rhododendron cultivars and varieties available for landscaping and potted flower cultivation. Hirado azalea is the symbolic flower of National Taiwan University. The dominate azalea species on the NTU campus include Rhododendron pulchurm Sweet, R. mucronatum G. Don cv. Akemono, R. mucronatum G. Don. The azalea planted along Royal Palm Boulevard and Fan Palm Avenue bloom in March when the temperature becomes warmer. The incredible and splendid scenery gives NTU campus a laudatory title of “Azalea Haven”. Recently, climate change leads to an increased summer temperature and fluctuating winter temperature. These undesirable weather events have adversely impacted the growth of azalea. Yellowing, browning, and wilting of leaves can be observed in azalea growing under heat stress. These symptoms lower their photosynthetic efficiency. Additionally, temperatures in recent year have become warmer and unpredictable. This weather condition is unfavorable for the flower development of azaleas, resulting in poor flowering uniformity and reducing the ornamental value of the scenery during the flowering period. The exogenous application of plant growth hormones such as salicylic acid, calcium chloride, and gibberellins can improve the growth condition of azaleas at different growth stage. These treatments can enhance the growth and ornamental quality of azaleas. The application of salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) can alleviate heat stress in hirado azalea. Foliar application treatments were performed on the azalea planted in NTU Farm and Fan Palm Avenue. The alleviating effects of heat stress by SA and CaCl2 were evaluated by collecting various plant physiological and morphological parameters. Measurements such as SPAD, NDVI, and chlorophyll florescence readings, leaf area and relative injury value were collected and analyzed in the study. The result shows that applying 100 µM SA or 10 mM CaCl2 on azalea leaves can maintain desirable levels of SPAD, NDVI, and Fv/Fm values under high temperatures. However, the leaf area of azalea grow under heat stress is smaller than those without heat stress. This suggests that the application of SA and CaCl2 helps maintain cell membrane stability and reduce heat damage on azaleas thus improving their growth quality. However, the treatment does not prevent a reduction in leaf area under heat stress. To sum up, the application of 100 µM SA or 10 mM CaCl2 can improve azalea’s heat tolerance. Applying gibberellic acid (GA3) during specific stages of flower bud growth can improve the flowering quality and modify the flowering period. Foliar application treatments with GA3 were conducted on azalea planted along Royal Palm Boulevard and Fan Palm Avenue. Dosing 500 mg·L-1 GA3 on a flower bud with a diameter of 5.8 mm can hasten the flowering period of azalea. Applying 1000 mg·L-1 GA3 on the flower bud with a diameter of 3.8 mm diameter can improve the flower quality of azalea. Applying 500 mg·L-1 GA3 before the flower bud reach a diameter of 5.8 mm can enhance flowering uniformity. Additionally applying 1000 mg·L-1 GA3 on a flower bud with diameter of 3.8 mm can extend the flowering period for azalea planted in locations with high light intensity. In environments with lower light intensity, dosing 500 mg·L-1 GA3 can extend the flowering period of azaleas. To conclude, F. microcarpa var. pusillifolia can be considered a banyan tree species with high potential to thrive in an urban setting, as it exhibits fewer structural and management problems compared to other varieties. Additionally, its leaves possess drought tolerance traits. The physiological condition of azaleas experiencing heat stress can be improved by applying 100 µM SA or 10 mM CaCl2. Furthermore, applying GA3 during specific stages of flower bud growth can enhance the flowering quality and modify the flowering period. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/91271 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202304190 |
全文授權: | 同意授權(限校園內公開) |
顯示於系所單位: | 園藝暨景觀學系 |
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