孫星衍的學術認同與實踐

Abstract

晚清以來對「科學精神」的概念崇拜，深刻影響著學界在乾嘉學術上的研究視野與解釋取向。於現有研究中，對乾嘉學人在傳統文化繼承上的討論，除理學領域之外，可說是相對不足的。乾嘉學術「客觀」、「科學」的特質，固於學術史上擁有重要的轉折意義，然彼時之歷史面貌，應不僅止於此。面對古典精神、官方理學、樸學思潮、佛道崇拜以及西洋學術等複雜因子交織而成的時代背景，乾嘉學人何以抉擇個人信仰？除了今人特為強調的純學術特質外，乾隆嘉慶年間的學壇之中，尚存有不少值得留意的面向。 有鑑於此，本文以孫星衍為例進行個案研究。試著通過學術風格之成形、治學理念與學術認同、治學方法檢討、學術與政治社會之關係四項議題的考索，來觀察乾嘉學人對傳統學術和樸學思潮等新興學風的接受，及其理念、思維。文中通過孫星衍於考據方法選擇性使用的實例檢討，說明吾人在乾嘉學者對「考據徵實」的觀念崇拜，及其實際影響的討論上，應有所分別。並進一步探求，當知識領域與觀念領域相衝突時，學者看似頑固迂腐的言論背後，蘊含的深層動機與意念。其後，復就孫氏之理念實踐加以勾勒。除對漢儒、樸學的大力推崇外，孫星衍以道自任的使命感，強烈儒士意識的展現，最為個人重要特色。晚年雖以不獲見用，退守文獻事業，然孫氏於典籍整理，亦深寄薪盡火傳之意，絕非徒以紓死而已。 從現代重視純學術研究的角度出發，孫星衍不易歸入典型乾嘉學者之列，是以罕受重視。平心而論，孫氏累於仕宦，年壽未永，其學終不及大成，不為後人所重，原屬情理中事。然而，通過觀察孫星衍個人學術認同與乾嘉樸學思潮之間的共性與分殊，卻得以發現，孫氏複雜而矛盾的學術形象，或許正代表著乾嘉時期部分學者的一種縮影，當中意義，亦有值得重加省思之處。

From late Qing dynasty, the admirer of “scientific spirit”had deeply affected scholars in the research of Qian-Jia's academic studies. Except for fields in idealist philosophy, the research on how Qian-Jia scholars passed down traditional philosophy is not sufficient. Even though the emphasis on 'objectiveness”and“science”in Qian-Jia's academic studies is of great importance in academic history, the historical outlook of Qian-Jia scholars should have been further discussed. Facing the sophisticated era background of Qian-jia period, how did Qian-Jia scholars choose their belief? In the academic circle of Qian-Jia period, there are many parts to be further explored. Therefore, this thesis is a case study of Sun, Xing-Yan, in an attempt to investigate the change in Sun’s process of shaping his own academic style, different thoughts on traditional textual research method and his endeavors to set an example of philology. The thesis aims to determine how Sun, Xing-Yan selected traditional textual research method, analyzed the motivation and tried to give examples to explain the restrictions of textual research in practical application. Finally, this thesis attempts to discourse Qian-Jia scholars' ideas of statecraft through an analysis of Sun’s past personal experience of government affairs.