請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/90479
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 張玉玲 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.advisor | Yu-Ling Chang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 李承運 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author | Cheng-Yun Lee | en |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-10-03T16:16:14Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2023-11-09 | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2023-10-03 | - |
dc.date.issued | 2023 | - |
dc.date.submitted | 2023-07-07 | - |
dc.identifier.citation | Ally, B. A., Gold, C. A., & Budson, A. E. (2009). An evaluation of recollection and familiarity in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment using receiver operating characteristics. Brain and Cognition, 69(3), 504-513.
Anderson, N. D., Ebert, P. L., Jennings, J. M., Grady, C. L., Cabeza, R., & Graham, S. J. (2008). Recollection-and familiarity-based memory in healthy aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 22(2), 177. Baudouin, J. Y., Gilibert, D., Sansone, S., & Tiberghien, G. (2000). When the smile is a cue to familiarity. Memory, 8(5), 285-292. Bowen, H. J., Kark, S. M., & Kensinger, E. A. (2018). NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25, 870-891. Broster, L. S., Blonder, L. X., & Jiang, Y. (2012). Does emotional memory enhancement assist the memory-impaired? Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 4, 2. Burke, W. J., Roccaforte, W. H., & Wengel, S. P. (1991). The Short Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A Comparison With the 30-Item Form. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 4(3), 173-178. Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 471–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012771 Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2016). Perceptual and affective mechanisms in facial expression recognition: An integrative review. Cognition and Emotion, 30(6), 1081-1106. Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 103-123. Chang, Y. L., Yen, Y. S., Chen, T. F., et al. (2016). Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Detects White Matter in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 50(2), 411-423. Chaudhary, S., Zhornitsky, S., Chao, H. H., van Dyck, C. H., & Li, C. S. R. (2022). Emotion processing dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: an overview of behavioral findings, systems neural correlates, and underlying neural biology. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias, 37, 15333175221082834. Chen, C. C., Cho, S. L., & Tseng, R. Y. (2013). Taiwan Corpora of Chinese Emotions and Relevant Psychophysiological Data -- Behavioral Evaluation Norm for Facial Expressions of Professional Performer. Chinese Journal of Psychology 55(4), 439-454. Chen, H. Y., & Chen, R. H. (2002). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition (WAIS-III) Manual for Taiwan. The Chinese Behavioral Science Corporation. Choi, Y. H. (2018). Eye Movement in Face Recognition in Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment (Doctoral dissertation, University of Hong Kong Libraries). Retrieved from https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/278480. Chuang, Y. C., Chiu, M. J., Chen, T. F., Chang, Y. L., Lai, Y. M., Cheng, T. W., & Hua, M. S. (2021). An exploration of the own-age effect on facial emotion recognition in normal elderly people and individuals with the preclinical and demented Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 80(1), 259-269. D’Elia, L., Satz, P., Uchiyama, C., & White, T. (1996). Color Trails Test. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS): Examiner’s manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Denkinger, B., & Kinn, M. (2018). Own-age bias and positivity effects in facial recognition. Experimental Aging Research, 44(5), 411-426. Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384. Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In P. Ekman (Eds.), Handbook of Cognition and Emotion (pp. 45-58). New York, NY: Wiley. Elferink, M., van Tilborg, I. & Kessels, R. (2015). Perception of emotions in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia: does intensity matter?. Translational Neuroscience, 6(1), 139-149. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/tnsci-2015-0013/html Fung, H. H., Isaacowitz, D. M., Lu, A. Y., Wadlinger, H. A., Goren, D., & Wilson, H. R. (2008). Age-related positivity enhancement is not universal: Older Chinese look away from positive stimuli. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 440. Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychitric Research, 12, 189-198. Fung, H. H., & Jiang, D. (2016). Cross-cultural psychology of aging. In Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 323-337). Academic Press. Gorenc-Mahmutaj, L., Degen, C., Wetzel, P., Urbanowitsch, N., Funke, J., & Schröder, J. (2015). The positivity effect on the intensity of experienced emotion and memory performance in mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 5(2), 233-243. Hamann, S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(9), 394-400. Hamann, S. B., Monarch, E. S., & Goldstein, F. C. (2000). Memory enhancement for emotional stimuli is impaired in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 14(1), 82. Hua, M. S., Chang, B. S., Lin, K. N., Yang, J. M., Lu, S. R., & Chen, S. Y. (2005). Wechsler Memory Scale-Third Edition (WMS-III) Manual for Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: The Chinese Behavioral Science Corporation. Hua, M. S., Chang, S. H., & Chen, S. T. (1997). Factor structure and age effects with an aphasia test battery in normal Taiwanese adults. Neuropsychology, 11, 156-162. Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., et al. (2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(5), 368-375. Joordens S, Hockley WE.(2000). Recollection and familiarity through the looking glass: When old does not mirror new. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 26, 1534–1555. Kaplan, E., Goddglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston Naming Test (2nd ed.). Lea & Febiger. Kirk, R. E. (2012). Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences. Sage. Kitayama, S., & Karasawa, M. (1995). Self: A cultural psychological perspective. The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(2), 133-163. Klein-Koerkamp, Y., Beaudoin, M., Baciu, M., & Hot, P. (2012). Emotional decoding abilities in Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 32(1), 109-125. LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(1), 54-64. LaLumiere, R. T., McGaugh, J. L., & McIntyre, C. K. (2017). Emotional modulation of learning and memory: Pharmacological implications. Pharmacological Reviews, 69(3), 236-255. Maria, G. G., & Juan, G. G. (2017). Negative bias in the perception and memory of emotional information in Alzheimer disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 30(3), 131-139. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224. Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: the role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554. McCade D, Savage G, & Naismith SL.(2011). Review of emotion recognition in mild cognitive impairment. Dementia Geriatric Cognitive Disorder, 32(4):257-266. McGaugh, J. L. (2004). The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences. Annual Review Neuroscience., 27, 1-28. Meyers, J. E., & Meyers, K. R. (1995). Rey complex figure test under four different administration procedures. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9(1), 63-67. Morellini, L., Izzo, A., Rossi, S., Zerboni, G., Rege-Colet, L., Ceroni, M., Biglia, E., & Sacco, L. (2022). Emotion recognition and processing in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. Murphy, N. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Preferences for emotional information in older and younger adults: A meta-analysis of memory and attention tasks. Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 263. Nieuwenhuis-Mark, R. E., Schalk, K., & de Graaf, N. (2009). Free recall and learning of emotional word lists in very elderly people with and without dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 24, 155–162. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1533317508330561 O’Bryant, S. E., Waring, S. C., Cullum, C. M., Hall, J., Lacritz, L., Massman, P. J., Lupo, P. J., Reisch, J. S., Doody, R., & Texas Alzheimer's Research Consortium. (2008). Staging dementia using Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes scores: a Texas Alzheimer's research consortium study. Archives of Neurology, 65(8), 1091-1095. Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 193-194. Petersen, R. C. (2010). Clinical trials for early (pre-dementia) Alzheimer’s disease: A case for mild cognitive impairment. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 14, 304-305. Petersen, R. C., Lopez, O., Armstrong, M. J., Getchius, T. S., Ganguli, M., Gloss, D., Gronseth, G. S., Marson, D., Pringsheim, T., Day, G. S., Sager, M., Stevens, J., & Rae-Grant, A. (2018). Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American academy of neurology. Neurology, 90(3), 126-135. Plancher, G., Guyard, A., Nicolas, S., & Piolino, P. (2009). Mechanisms underlying the production of false memories for famous people’s names in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychologia, 47(12), 2527–2536. Richard-Mornas, A., Borg, C., Klein-Koerkamp, Y., Paignon, A., Hot, P., & Thomas-Antérion, C. (2012). Perceived eye region and the processing of fearful expressions in mild cognitive impairment patients. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 33(1), 43-49. Roesler, R., McGaugh, J. L. (2019). Memory Consolidation. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience (2nd edition). Los Angeles, LA: Elsevier. Sapey-Triomphe, L. A., Heckemann, R. A., Boublay, N., Dorey, J. M., Hénaff, M. A., Rouch, I., Padovan, C., Hammers, A., Krolak-Salmon, P., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2015). Neuroanatomical correlates of recognizing face expressions in mild stages of Alzheimer’s disease. PloS One, 10(12), e0143586. Sava, A. A., Paquet, C., Krolak-Salmon, P., Dumurgier, J., Hugon, J., & Chainay, H. (2015). Emotional memory enhancement in respect of positive visual stimuli in Alzheimer's disease emerges after rich and deep encoding. Cortex, 65, 89-101. Sava, A.A., Paquet C, Dumurgier J, Hugon J, Chainay H (2016). The role of attention in emotional memory enhancement in pathological and healthy aging. Journal Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(4): 434-454. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13803395.2015.1123225 Schefter, M., Werheid, K., Almkvist, O., Lönnqvist-Akenine, U., Kathmann, N., & Winblad, B. (2013). Recognition memory for emotional faces in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: An event-related potential study. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 20(1), 49-79. Schoemaker, D., Gauthier, S., & Pruessner, J. C. (2014). Recollection and familiarity in aging individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A literature review. Neuropsychology Review, 24, 313-331. Serra, L., Bozzali, M., Cercignani, M., Perri, R., Fadda, L., Caltagirone, C., & Carlesimo, G. A. (2010). Recollection and familiarity in amnesic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 24, 316 –326. https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0017654 Silva, R. C. R. D., Carvalho, R. L. S. D., & Dourado, M. C. N. (2021). Deficits in emotion processing in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 15, 314-330. Spoletini, I., Marra, C., Di Iulio, F., Gianni, W., Sancesario, G., Giubilei, F., Trequattrini, A., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., & Spalletta, G. (2008). Facial emotion recognition deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(5), 389-398. Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), 137-149. Sundstrom, M. (2011). Modeling recall memory for emotional objects in Alzheimer's disease. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 18(4), 396-413. Torres Mendonça De Melo Fádel, B., Santos De Carvalho, R. L., Belfort Almeida Dos Santos, T. T., & Dourado, M. C. N. (2019). Facial expression recognition in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41(2), 192-203. Tu, Y. Z., Lin, D. W., Suzuki, A., & Goh, J. O. S. (2018). East Asian Young and Older Adult Perceptions of Emotional Faces From an Age- and Sex-Fair East Asian Facial Expression Database. Frontiers in Psychology. 9:2358. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02358 Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1. Waldie, B. D., & See, S. T.K. (2003). Remembering words never presented: False memory effects in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 10(4), 281–297. Wang, P., Li, J., Li, H., Li, B., Jiang, Y., Bao, F., & Zhang, S. (2013). Is emotional memory enhancement preserved in amnestic mild cognitive impairment? Evidence from separating recollection and familiarity. Neuropsychology, 27(6), 691. Waring, J. D., Dimsdale-Zucker, H. R., Flannery, S., Budson, A. E., & Kensinger, E. A. (2017). Effects of mild cognitive impairment on emotional scene memory. Neuropsychologia, 96, 240-248. Weiss, E. M., Kohler, C. G., Vonbank, J., Stadelmann, E., Kemmler, G., Hinterhuber, H., & Marksteiner, J. (2008). Impairment in emotion recognition abilities in patients with mild cognitive impairment, early and moderate Alzheimer disease compared with healthy comparison subjects. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(12), 974-980. Werheid, K., Gruno, M., Kathmann, N., Fischer, H., Almkvist, O., & Winblad, B. (2010). Biased recognition of positive faces in aging and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 1. Westerberg, C. E., Paller, K. A., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., Holdstock, J. S., Mayes, A. R., et al. (2006). When memory does not fail: Familiarity-based recognition in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 20(2), 193–205. Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., et al. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment-beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the international working group on mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240-246. Wixted, J. T., & Squire, L. R. (2010). The role of the human hippocampus in familiarity-based and recollection-based recognition memory. Behavioural Brain Research, 215(2), 197-208. Yang, L., Zhao, X., Wang, L., Yu, L., Song, M., & Wang, X. (2015). Emotional face recognition deficit in amnestic patients with mild cognitive impairment: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 1973-1987. Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Lan, K., Huang, X., He, Y., Yang, F., Li, J., Hu, Q., Xu, J., & Yu, H. (2021). Gray matter atrophy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A voxel-based meta-analysis. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13, 627919. Zheng, Z., Lang, M., Wang, W., Xiao, F., Guo, S., & Li, J. (2019). False recognition of emotionally categorized pictures in young and older Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1477. | - |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/90479 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 失憶型輕度認知障礙症被認為是一個從正常老化至失智之間的過渡階段,特別是對阿茲海默氏病。許多研究指出,情緒強化記憶效應在正常老化過程中仍為保留,然此效果在失憶型輕度認知障礙症之研究結果仍存在不一致性。因此,本研究旨在探討對於表情再認正確率較高或較低的不同臉孔表情,其情緒強化記憶是否存在明顯或減弱的效果。本研究招募26位健康對照組與27位失憶型輕度認知障礙症患者,所有參與者皆進行記憶學習階段、2分鐘短延宕之記憶再認測驗與25分鐘長延宕之記憶再認測驗。實驗材料包括了72張臉孔,共分為三組,每組包括快樂、憤怒、害怕與中性各六張。在完成所有記憶測驗後,受試者將進行臉孔表情再認測驗。本研究發現,在臉孔表情再認測驗中,兩組對害怕臉孔之辨識表現皆下降,而對憤怒臉孔之辨識能力則相對保留。值得注意的是,在長延宕之記憶再認測驗中,兩組皆出現明顯的情緒強化記憶效應,特別是針對憤怒臉孔,然此效應卻在害怕臉孔上消失,顯示情緒強化記憶效應可能會因特定臉孔的辨認困難而消失。此外,本研究發現,失憶型輕度認知障礙組之情緒記憶表現與健康控制組無明顯差異,特別是針對憤怒與害怕之臉孔;然而,疾病組對快樂臉孔之情緒記憶表現則明顯差於控制組,顯示被診斷為失憶型輕度認知障礙之東方老年人存在負向效應。綜上述所言,本研究結果強調,針對不同臉孔表情,可能會受失憶型輕度認知障礙症之情緒辨認能力影響,而使其具不同的情緒強化記憶效果。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) has been considered a transitional stage from normal aging to dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several studies have reported that the emotional enhancement of memory (EEM) effect is preserved in normal aging. However, the findings of EEM in aMCI remain controversial. Thus, the study aimed to investigate whether there is an evident or diminished EEM for different emotional faces with higher or lower correct rates for facial emotional identification. The present study recruited 26 healthy control (HC) and 27 aMCI patients. All participants underwent an incidental learning test, 2 minutes short-delayed recognition test, and 25 minutes long-delayed recognition test. A total of 72 faces were selected and divided into three sets. Each set included six happy, angry, fearful, and neutral faces. After performing all memory tasks, facial expression recognition (FER) was conducted. During the FER task, the results revealed that both groups exhibited a specific decrease in recognizing fearful faces, while their recognition of angry faces remained relatively intact. Notably, during the long-delayed recognition test, both groups demonstrated an evident EEM exclusively for angry faces, while the absence of EEM was noticed for fearful faces, indicating that the emotional enhancement effect might be decreased for faces that were difficult to recognize. Furthermore, compared to the HC group, participants with aMCI exhibited intact emotional memory ability, specifically for angry and fearful emotions, while they demonstrated defective memory performance for happy faces, suggesting a negativity effect in Eastern older adults with aMCI. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the importance of considering the distinct emotional expressions and their impact on emotional memory performance in the aMCI population. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Submitted by admin ntu (admin@lib.ntu.edu.tw) on 2023-10-03T16:16:14Z No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2023-10-03T16:16:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Acceptance Certificate i
Chinese Abstract ii Abstract iii 1. Introduction 1 2. Methods 9 2.1 Participants 9 2.2 Neuropsychological Evaluation 10 2.3 Materials 12 2.4 Procedure 14 2.5 Statistical Analysis 17 3. Results 19 3.1 Demographical, Clinical, and Neuropsychological Data 19 3.2 Emotion Identification Test 20 3.3 Emotional and Non-emotional Memory Test Performances 27 4. Discussion 37 5. Conclusion 52 6. References 53 Table 1. Demographical, Clinical, and Neuropsychological Data Between Groups 22 Table 2. Emotion Identification Test of Valence, Arousal, and Correct Recognition Rate Between Four Facial Emotions with the Healthy Control (HC) and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) Groups 23 Table 3. Memory Performance of Facial Emotion during Short-Delayed Recognition Tests: Discrimination Accuracy (d') Index, and Hit Rates (Hits) and False Alarms Rates (FAs) in the Healthy Control (HC) and Amnestic Mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) Groups 30 Table 4. Memory Performance of Facial Emotion during Long-Delayed Recognition Tests: Discrimination Accuracy (d') Index and Hit Rates (Hits) and False Alarms Rates (FAs) in the Healthy control (HC) and Amnestic Mild Cognitive impairment (aMCI) Groups 35 Figure 1. The Experimental Design, Procedure, and Stimuli Presentation 17 Figure 2. Facial Expression Recognition Performance During the Emotional Identification Test and Response Time for Faces with Happy, Angry, Fearful, and Neutral Expressions in the Healthy control (HC) and Amnestic Mild Cognitive impairment (aMCI) Groups 26 Figure 3. Discrimination Accuracy and Mean Rates of Hits and False Alarms for Happy, Angry, and Fearful Faces by the Group During the Short-Delayed Recognition Rest 31 Figure 4. Mean Rates of Hits, False Alarms, and Discrimination Accuracy for Happy, Angry, and Fearful Faces by the Group During the Long-Delayed Recognition Test 36 | - |
dc.language.iso | en | - |
dc.title | 失憶型輕度認知障礙族群之情緒強化記憶與臉孔表情再認 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Emotional Enhancement of Memory and Facial Expression Recognition in Older Adults with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment | en |
dc.type | Thesis | - |
dc.date.schoolyear | 111-2 | - |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | - |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 郭郡羽;葉怡玉 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | Chun-Yu Kuo;Yei-Yu Yeh | en |
dc.subject.keyword | 情緒強化記憶,情緒記憶,臉孔表情再認,失憶型輕度認知障礙症, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | emotional enhancement of memory,emotional memory,facial expression recognition,amnestic mild cognitive impairment, | en |
dc.relation.page | 65 | - |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202301377 | - |
dc.rights.note | 未授權 | - |
dc.date.accepted | 2023-07-11 | - |
dc.contributor.author-college | 理學院 | - |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 心理學系 | - |
顯示於系所單位: | 心理學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-111-2.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.14 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。