臺灣女性的多維性別意識形態與家務分工中的感知公平性

Abstract

停滯的性別革命（Stalled Gender Revolution）指即便性別平等的理念在公領域獲得了良好的成就，但在以家庭為核心的私領域卻未迎來相同力度的進展（England，2010）。至今，女性仍承擔著絕大多數的家務，但卻鮮少有女性感到不公平。Major（1993）將此現象描述為矛盾的滿足。感知公平性的重要之處在於，當女性並未感受到家務分工是不公平的，就更不易察覺其對自己帶來的不利影響，因此也更不可能與伴侶發起協商，從而改變性別化的家務分工模式。 感知公平性的研究發展三十逾年來，性別意識形態對於家務分工與不公平感之間的調節作用已被廣泛的證明（Davis & Greenstein，2009）。當女性的家務貢獻度增加時，持有性別平等的性別意識形態的女性比起持傳統主義的性別意識形態的女性更容易感覺到不公平。然而，最近進行的理論與經驗研究強調性別意識形態是一個多維的概念。由於個體可能在一個維度上支持性別平等，在另一個維度上卻表現出性別不平等，因此以單維或是二元的方式概念化性別意識形態，在愈趨複雜的性別社會中已經無法捕捉性別意識形態的多元樣貌。 有鑑於此，本研究利用台灣社會變遷基本調查（Taiwan Social Change Survey, TSCS）2021第八期第二次：家庭組的資料，以潛在類別分析（Latent Class Analysis，LCA）模型，建構台灣65歲以下已婚女性的多維性別角色意識型態。並且以邏輯斯迴歸（Logistic Regression）探究當女性具有不同的性別意識形態時，會如何影響個人在面對性別化的家務分工模式時，可能持有的感知公平感。

Stalled Gender Revolution refers to the fact that even though the idea of gender equality has gained traction in the public sphere, it has not met with the same level of progress in the private sphere, which is centered on the family (England, 2010). Up to now, women are still responsible for the vast majority of housework, but very few women feel that it is unfair. Major (1993) describes this phenomenon as paradoxical contentment. The importance of perceived fairness lies in the fact that when women do not perceive the division of housework as unfair, they are less likely to perceive its negative impact on them, and therefore less likely to initiate negotiations with their partners to change the gendered pattern of division of housework. The moderating effect of gender ideology on the relationship between the division of housework and perceived fairness has been widely demonstrated over the past three decades of research on perceived fairness (Davis & Greenstein, 2009). When women's contribution to housework increases, women who hold a gender ideology of gender equality are more likely to perceive unfairness than women who hold a traditionalist gender ideology. However, recent theoretical and empirical research emphasizes that gender ideology is a multidimensional concept. Since individuals may support gender equality in one dimension and exhibit gender inequality in another, a unidimensional or binary conceptualization of gender ideology fails to capture the diversity of gender ideology in an increasingly complex gender society. In view of this, this study utilized data from the Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS) 2021, Issue 8, Phase 2 (Family Group) to construct multidimensional gender role ideologies among married women under the age of 65 in Taiwan using the Latent Class Analysis (LCA) model. Logistic Regression was also used to investigate how women's different gender ideologies affect the perceived fairness that individuals may hold in the face of gendered patterns of division of housework.