渡日華僧竺仙梵僊生平與著作考論

Abstract

中日民間交流在十四世紀迎來空前的鼎盛時期，渡日華僧作為向中世日本傳遞宋風禪及漢文學的核心人物及日本五山文化的建設者，備受論者矚目。中世渡日華僧作為禪宗、漢文化傳播者的歷史貢獻雖被充分肯定，但學界對於部分渡日僧個體的思想面容及文學面貌的考察仍屬不足。 竺仙梵僊作為元代渡日華僧中著述最豐，又為日本公武權貴及五山禪林尊宿所重的一位，學界對其生平及交遊雖有基礎考察，然對其著作全貌、思想內容與其所處時代之關聯，文學理論與文學面貌尚未有系統解讀。本研究試圖在參照語錄與別集的同時，結合竺仙梵僊未為學界重視之禪門啟蒙書籍及雜著，探討其思想、文學面貌。期許通過此個案研究，補充完善學界對這位重要渡日華僧個人形象之體認，並挖掘鎌倉末、室町初五山禪林文化中尚未被充分解讀、發掘之面相。 據上述考量，本研究擬分以下章節進行討論： 第一、竺仙梵僊的生平、著作與交遊：據竺仙梵僊相關文獻資料，勾勒其在元求道時期，東渡日本之因緣，渡日後之弘法歷程，並結合其人際交遊考察相關人物對其人生各階段之影響。同時，通過綜觀其交遊圈，展現梵僊的當世影響力。 第二、竺仙梵僊的思想與其時代：鑒於有宋以來，文字禪風氣之興起，為三教、禪教關係之深入討論提供基礎的時代背景，以及禪淨討論日趨深入的趨勢。本章節先從三教關係、禪教關係、禪淨關係三個視角解讀竺仙梵僊的思想內涵，並指出梵僊上述融通思想的立基所在。同時，將梵僊之思想與其交遊之著名禪門思想家進行對照。解讀梵僊在三教、禪教、禪淨問題上與梵僊曾參學的元代禪門尊宿中峰明本觀念之同異。同時，通過點明梵僊與當時日本五山禪林位高權重的夢窗疏石思想之共同處，說明禪教、禪淨一致在當時是具有跨境性的東亞禪林的共同議題，而竺仙梵僊之思想或體現了當時日本五山禪林的代表性面貌。 第三、竺仙梵僊的文學思想及面貌：竺仙梵僊作為古林清茂「金剛幢」下的代表門人，先行研究大致指出梵僊之文學具不加粉飾，直截簡明的偈頌主義色彩。然這種形容有其道理，卻仍有其模糊性，且並不能包含梵僊文學之全貌。本章節先就梵僊之著作，解讀梵僊如何在日本五山傳達自身的文學創作觀念，一則補充渡日華僧對五山叢林文學教學具體內容之空白；二則藉其創作理念與其作品面貌相參照，指出創作理論與實踐之相契處與相違處。另外，因鑒於梵僊具有越境人與禪宗學者之複數身份，本章節也將探討其特別之生命見聞在文學中的體現，即發掘其五山地景詩與海洋詩，並解讀其撰寫以上題材著作時的創作手法。最後，通過其文學作品，呈現其對日本禪林之印象。

The non-governmental exchange between China and Japan reached its peak in the fourteenth century. As the central figures who spread Song’s Chan and literature to Medieval Japan and founders of Gosan culture community, the Chinese Buddhist missionaries in Gosan Zen school received lots of attentions from scholars. Although their contributions are well recognized, scholars have not yet examined the philosophical framework and literature of some of the monks as individuals. Zhuxian Fanxian(竺仙梵僊) who had the most fruitful works was also given high praise from Japanese aristocracy and the other Gosan monks who were born in Japan. There are several basic researches about Zhuxian Fanxian’s life and interpersonal relationship. There is no systematic interpretation of his writings, the relevance of his thought to his time, his literary theory and literary outlook. Apart from his Recording of Saying and anthology, this thesis will also explore Fanxian’s introductory book on Zen, which was neglected by the academia, aiming to discuss Fanxian’s philosophical framework and literature. Hoping this case study will replenish the recognizing of Fanxian and Shed new light on the end of Kamakura period and the early Muromachi period. Build upon my previous considerations, my thesis will be structured into three sections: In the first section: “Zhuxian Fanxian’s life, biography and interpersonal relationship”: I will offer detail narratives on Fanxian’s life based on his biographies, including his studies in Yuan China, the reason for traveling to Japan, his promotion of Chan in Japan. Then, this thesis will investigating his intellectual community in order to demonstrate his influence on his contemporaries. The second section: “ The connection between the Zhuxian Fanxian’s thought , and the period which he lived”: With the rise of Word Chan since Song period, the discussion about the relations between different Buddhist schools were deepening. Therefore, this section will focus on the three dimensions of Fanxian’s thought: His discussion on the relationship among the three teachings, the relationship between Zen and Jiao, the relationship between Zen and the Pure Land. I will also demonstrate the philosophical framework on which his thoughts were based. Furthermore, this chapter contrasts the similarities and differences between Fanxian and other famous Zen monks in his period,like Zhongfeng Mingben(中峰明本) and Musou Soseki(夢窗疏石). In this way, this section illustrates the issues about the relationship among the Three Teachings and the relationship among Chan, Jiao and the Pure Land were common topics in East Asia Buddhist intellectual community. And Zhuxian’s thought reflects one of mainstream thinkings in Japanese Gosan Zen school in first half of the 14th century. The third section “ Zhuxian Fanxian’s creative concept and his literature”: Fanxian, as the outstanding disciples of Gulin Qingmao(古林清茂) , was considered by previous studies as unpretentious and straightforward. However, while this view is valid, it is still ambiguous and does not encompass the full scope of his work. In this section, I will first explain how Zhuxian's writings conveyed his own literary concepts in Japan. On the one hand, I will fill in the gaps in the specific contents of the literary teaching of the Gozan school by the Chinese missionaries in Japan; on the other hand, I will contrast his creative concepts with the appearance of his works, and point out the inconsistencies and contradictions between his creative theory and practice. Additionally, having a dual identity as a foreigner and a China scholar, the special insights of his life are reflected in his poetic creations. This article discusses his poems on landscapes and the sea and explains his creative approach in writing on these subjects. Finally, I will demonstrate his impression on Japanese Gosan zen school by examining Fanxian’s literatures.