生鮮蔬菜採購策略之探討

Abstract

本研究主要目的有二：(一)分析外食產業生鮮蔬菜採購策略現況，常見的三種採購模式為「直接從產地契作」、「透過零批商採購自批發市場」、以及「透過農企業與農民交易」，並綜合評估價格、風險等交易成本，提出最佳採購模式之建議；(二)利用統計以甘藍(初秋)為例，依「時間區間」、「價格區間」、「交易市場」、「產季」等不同組合模型實證分析歷史價格，提供議定合約價格之建議。 本研究發現「透過農企業與農民交易」之總成本相對最低，儘管如此，「交易價格訂定」仍為交易中耗時且關鍵之處。見此，透過移動平均法分析甘藍(初秋)歷史價格，並透過不同組合模型進行驗證，比對甘藍(初秋)歷史價格及隔年實際均價，結果發現以台北一市、台北二市、西螺市場三市場九年不分產季的平均上價最接近隔年實際平均價格。若與供應商長期交易的前提下，建議此組合模型可作為議價之參考。實務上「年度合約價」執行上利多於弊，根據本研究發現，亦可降低協商成本，合約並可以數量折扣類型之「全單位型數量折扣」作為彈性調節因季節性造成的市場行情波動，同時降低買賣雙方的因波動造成損失的風險，長期合作下可在農產品供應鏈創造出雙贏的局面。

The two objectives of this study were as follows: (1) To analyze three standard procurement models for fresh vegetables in the food away from home (FAFH) industry, including “direct contraction from the origin,” “purchasing from wholesale markets through retailers,” and “transactions between agricultural enterprises and farmers,” and provide recommendations by evaluating of transaction costs such as price and risk; (2) To utilize statistics to analyze historical prices of cabbage (oleracea Brassica cv.) based on different combination models including “period,” “price zone,” “wholesale market,” and “harvesting seasons,” and offer suggestions for price of contract. This study reveals that “trading with farmers through agricultural enterprises” appears to be most effective in transaction cost. Nevertheless, determining “transaction price” remains a time-consuming and critical aspect of the trade. Given this observation, the study seeks to validate these findings across different combination models by using the moving average method and comparing historical and actual average prices in the next year. By focusing on the cabbage as the research subject, results show that the best model is “average upper prices across nine years in three markets (Taipei First Wholesale Market, Taipei Second Wholesale Market, and Xiluo Agricultural Products Market).” This model’s statistics results are the closest to average prices in the next year. For long-term cooperative relationships with suppliers, this model can be a reference for price negotiation. “Annual contract prices” is beneficial in practice to lower bargaining costs. According to this study’s findings, an “all-units quantity discount” can be used to adjust to seasonal market fluctuations. It can also reduce risks for both buyers and sellers due to fluctuations. In the long run, it can lead to win-win scenarios in produce supply chains.