習近平新時代海洋強國政策（2012-2023）：以海上維權視角為中心

Abstract

21世紀被稱為海洋的世紀，海洋對於國家發展的價值日益顯著，人類文明進入開拓性的海洋時代。中國是陸海複合型國家，國家安全與發展都與海洋習習相關，自從第十八屆中國共產黨全國代表大會以來，建設海洋強國已提升為國家層級的重大海洋政策，實踐具體內容多元廣泛，包含發展海洋經濟、維護海洋權益、保護海洋生態環境、創新海洋科技、有效海洋管理、建立完善海洋制度、提升人民海洋意識等子系統。本文透過海洋強國政策內容、發展原則及目標，歸納出具中國特色的海洋強國政策，包含陸海統籌及海洋命運共同體等概念。 研究發現習近平承繼歷代中國共產黨領導人對海洋的認識和判斷，建設海洋強國已經成為中國保障國家安全、經濟社會發展、開拓國家戰略利益及建立新海洋秩序的必然選擇。此外，本文認為海上維權作為中國海洋強國政策的核心內涵，是影響整體海洋強國政策成敗的關鍵因素。本文透過新古典現實主義及運用David Easton所提出的系統理論模型，觀察習近平推動海洋強國政策的形成與過程，研析海洋強國政策與區域性海域不穩定之關連性及衝擊影響。

The 21st century has been hailed as the "Century of the Sea", as the significance of oceans for national development has grown remarkably, propelling human civilization into an era of pioneering maritime exploration. China, being a nation with both vast land and extensive coastline, has intertwined national security and development with its maritime affairs. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the endeavor to construct a maritime power has become a crucial national-level policy. This policy encompasses diverse and far-reaching objectives, such as fostering the marine economy, safeguarding maritime rights and interests, preserving marine environments, fostering maritime technological innovations, implementing effective marine governance, establishing a comprehensive marine framework, and enhancing public awareness about the oceans. This article delves into the content, principles, and objectives of China's maritime power policy to present a distinctively Chinese approach to becoming a maritime power, which also included the concepts such as coordinating land & sea, and a community of marine destiny. Research indicates that Xi Jinping continues the legacy of his predecessors' understanding and vision regarding the oceans. Building maritime power has become an inevitable choice for China to safeguard comprehensive national security, drive economic and social development, pursue national strategic interests, and contribute to shaping a new maritime order. Moreover, the article thinks that safeguarding maritime rights and interests lies at the core of China's maritime power policy, which would be the critical factor to decide whether the overall policy is successful or not. Through Neoclassical Realism and David Easton's System Theory Model, this article observes the formation and process of Xi Jinping's maritime power policy, analyzing the influence of correlation and impact within above-mentioned policy and regional maritime stability.