比較日夜變化對於景觀偏好之影響

Abstract

景觀偏好在環境心理學相關研究中，一直以來都備受重視，許多研究中已提出影響景觀偏好的因子，如日夜變化、自然度、整潔、熟悉度等，其中以白天情況下評估環境中景觀偏好的文獻居多。然而，現代人因生活型態的改變，可進行休閒娛樂的時間通常都在夜晚，夜晚的景觀偏好也漸顯其重要性。 回顧相關研究發現，人們普遍偏好較為明亮、而非較暗的環境，夜間則因能見度降低，導致安全感降低而暗示潛在的危險和風險，使夜間景觀更可能對偏好產生負面影響。可見，不論白天或夜晚環境，均會對景觀偏好造成影響，並且夜晚環境較白天環境不被人們所偏好。然而，目前研究中多針對「日間」景觀偏好進行探討，少有「夜間」景觀的偏好研究，而針對「日夜變化」對景觀偏好之影響探討的文獻則更為缺乏。 前述提及，影響景觀偏好的因子中，除日夜外，許多研究已指出自然、整潔、熟悉等因子對於景觀偏好的影響效果；其中，愈熟悉環境、或環境的整潔度愈高，偏好就會隨之提升；然而，自然度與偏好的關係卻非絕對之正向關係。相關研究中更提到影響景觀偏好的因子：自然度、整潔度，可能會受到日、夜的不同所影響。在自然度的相關研究指出，自然元素的存在可以增加日間環境中的偏好；相反地，夜晚自然環境之照明不足，可能會將白天吸引人的環境轉變成天黑後令人生畏之處，顯示日夜變化可能會改變自然度與偏好的關係。 整潔度相關研究則常於都市中進行，日夜與整潔度相關研究指出，日間明亮的環境會突顯都市中雜亂的市容；反之，夜晚本身會降低環境的能見度，此時燈光的存在可以改善都市形象，同時還可以降低雜亂感，顯示日夜變化可能會改變整潔度與偏好的關係，而都市中功能不同的燈光亦可能對整潔度與景觀偏好產生不同的影響，尚待進一步的實證與確認。 因此，本論文將透過兩個研究檢視日夜變化對於自然度及整潔度此二知覺與偏好的影響。根據研究一之目的，設計兩個實驗，採用照片問卷調查法探討不同環境背景下，日夜變化對自然度與景觀偏好的影響，並且最後將對自然環境具重要影響的熟悉度納入討論。研究二亦使用照片問卷調查法探討都市環境中，日夜變化對整潔度與景觀偏好的影響，並且將夜晚中不同的燈光類型納入討論。 研究一之結果顯示，在校園環境中，不論日夜，知覺自然度越高偏好越高；另外，在市郊環境中，同樣是知覺自然度越高偏好越高，但日夜變化與知覺自然度對景觀偏好有交互作用存在，使得自然度對偏好的正向影響在白天比夜晚更為明顯。研究二的結果發現，夜間都市環境中，除有路燈的環境之外，建築物外觀裝飾照明和廣告招牌燈的環境更受偏好，且受測者認為廣告招牌燈的夜間景觀較路燈環境更為整潔、不雜亂。由此可知，相對於白天，夜晚可能削弱自然的正向作用；而夜晚則可能削弱都市對偏好的負向作用。最後，本研究中針對日夜變化對景觀之知覺及偏好的影響進行比較，證實人們於日、夜不同情況下對自然環境之知覺自然度、都市環境之整潔度及偏好感受亦有所不同，結論將可供未來景觀設計、規劃及實務上之參考。

The preference of landscapes has long been a focal point in the field of environmental psychology, garnering significant attention. Numerous studies have elucidated factors influencing landscape preference, such as diurnal variations, naturalness, neatness, familiarity, and more. However, the existing literature predominantly examines landscape preference in daytime settings. Nevertheless, with the changing lifestyles of modern individuals, leisure and recreational activities often take place during the nighttime, underscoring the growing significance of nocturnal landscape preference. Upon reviewing the relevant studies, it is evident that people generally prefer brighter environments over darker ones. During nighttime, reduced visibility can diminish the sense of safety, implying potential dangers and risks, thereby potentially negatively influencing nocturnal landscape preferences. This suggests that both daytime and nighttime environments have an impact on landscape preference, with nocturnal settings being less preferred compared to daytime settings. However, current research predominantly focuses on daytime landscape preferences, with limited investigations into nocturnal landscape preferences. Moreover, there is a notable lack of literature exploring the influence of diurnal variations on landscape preference. As mentioned above, among the factors affecting landscape preference, in addition to day and night, many studies have pointed out the effects of nature, neatness, and familiarity on landscape preference. It has been found that higher levels of familiarity with the environment or greater neatness positively correlate with increased preference. However, the relationship between naturalness and preference is not absolutely positive. Relevant studies have also indicated that factors such as naturalness and neatness, which affect landscape preferences, may be influenced by the differences between day and night. Studies on naturalness suggest that the presence of natural elements may increase preference in daytime environments; conversely, the lightless natural environments during the nighttime may transform an attractive daytime environments into intimidating places after dark, indicating that diurnal variations may alter the relationship between naturalness and preference. Studies related to neatness are often conducted in urban settings. Research on the relationship between day and night and cleanliness indicates that bright daytime environments accentuate the disorderliness of urban surroundings. Conversely, during the nighttime, when visibility is reduced, the presence of lighting can improve the city's image and reduce the sense of disorder. This suggests that the relationship between neatness and preference may be changed by day and night. Furthermore, different types of lighting in urban areas may have varying effects on neatness and landscape preferences, but further empirical evidence is needed to confirm these effects. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the effects of diurnal variations on the perception of naturalness and cleanliness, as well as the impact on preference. To achieve the objectives of Study 1, two experiments will be conducted using a photo questionnaire method to investigate the influence of diurnal variations on naturalness and landscape preference under different environmental backgrounds. Study 2 will also employ a photo questionnaire method to explore the effects of diurnal variations on neatness and landscape preference in urban environments, taking into account different types of lighting during the nighttime. The results of Study 1 indicate that in campus environments, the higher the perceived naturalness, the higher the preference, regardless of day and night. Additionally, in suburban environments, the same pattern emerges, with higher perceived naturalness corresponding to higher preference, and there is an interaction effect between diurnal variations and perceived naturalness on landscape preference, indicating that the positive effect of naturalness on preference is significantly greater at day than at night. The results of Study 2 show that in nighttime urban environments, except for the environment with streetlights, environments with decorative architectural lighting and advertising sign lights are more preferred by people. Participants perceive the nighttime landscape with advertising sign lights are more neatness and less cluttered compared to environments illuminated solely by streetlights. These findings suggest that in comparison to day, night may weaken the positive effect. Furthermore, night may weaken the negative effect of urban features on preference. In conclusion, this study compares the effects of day and night changes on the perception and preference of the landscape, confirming that people's perceptions of the natural environment, the neatness of the urban environment, and their preferences differ under different conditions of day and night. These findings provide valuable insights for future landscape design, planning, and practical applications.