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標題: | 冒亂宗支:明代宗室的非婚生子女問題 A Study on the Management of Illegitimate Children within the Imperial Clans in Ming China |
作者: | 廖子萱 Tzu-Hsuan Liao |
指導教授: | 陳熙遠 Hsi-Yuan Chen |
關鍵字: | 宗藩制度,宗室婚姻,非婚生子女,冒封,藩府政令,宗藩條例, imperial clan system,the marriage of imperial clan,illegitimate children,identity dispute,Fan fu zheng ling,Zong fan tiao li, |
出版年 : | 2023 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 在宗藩弊病中,非婚生子女問題涉及宗統、分封與國家財政,是明中期後深受朝廷關注的焦點。所謂「非婚生」意指父母在不具合法婚姻關係的情況下生子,此類子女在血統和身分上容易受到質疑,在宗藩案例中,多數衍生自擅自成婚、濫收妾媵,或是通姦亂倫等非法的男女關係。明代宗藩制度與國家運作密切互動,宗室的非婚生子女不僅紊亂宗統,還會帶給國家額外的經濟負擔。本研究主要運用官書、宗藩典章和官員奏疏,從個別案例著手,論述明代宗室在婚姻、男女關係上的違制行為,並以此為基礎,探究非婚生子女冒亂宗支的爭議,以及朝廷的應對之道。
明太祖建立以血緣作為樞紐的封建體系,在管理方面,採用嫡長子繼承法維護宗法秩序,並透過《皇明祖訓》規範宗室的等級與權利。永樂以後,朝廷兼用藩禁政策抑制藩權,以便消除威脅皇權的潛在因素。除祖宗家法外,王府組織也有助於強化管理,如長史、教授等官肩負教育宗室、辦理選婚、具結新生子女名冊與奏請名封等職責。為了幫助朝廷監控地方王府,王府官、地方官以及巡視地方政情的中央官組成的監察體系,也適時揭發宗室的違法行為。自成化朝開始,宗室違制婚娶、私生子女的亂象,越發受到朝廷關注,弘治到正德年間也定下許多條例,嚴禁非婚生子女冒封,違法繼承爵職和支領祿米。至嘉靖時,朝廷又針對宗室的身分規範、相關支出進行改革,新增婚娶、納妾和新生子女的奏報格式外,還逐步調降庶人和非婚生子女的口糧,以期杜絕冒封及減輕財政負擔。然而,皇帝為維護親親之義,不時給予宗藩特恩,朝廷又未能如實執行規範,導致改革的效果不如預期。嘉靖以後冒亂現象依舊未止,即使萬曆年間再次更定條例,也難以解決問題,是遲至明亡都無法革除的弊病。 In the context of the feudal clan system, the issue of illegitimate children touches on lineage, enfeoffment, and dynastic finance, which have been the focus of imperial court attention since the mid-Ming Dynasty. The term “illegitimate” refers to children born to parents without a legal marital relationship. Such children often face doubts about their lineage and status. In the feudal clan cases, most situations originate from unauthorized marriages, indiscriminate taking of concubines, or illicit sexual relations such as adultery and incest. The imperial clan system in the Ming Dynasty was tightly intertwined with the operation of the state, and the illegitimate children of the royal clan not only undermined the royal lineage but also imposed additional economic burdens on the state. This thesis primarily utilizes official documents, clan codes, and official memorials. Based on detailed analyses of numerous individual cases, it delves into the transgressions in marriage and gender relations within the Ming royal family and further investigates the disputes arising from the illegitimate children of the imperial clan, as well as the court's strategies in dealing with this problematic issue. Emperor Taizu of Ming established a feudal system centered upon blood relations. In terms of management, the principle of primogeniture (the eldest legitimate son inheriting the enfeoffment) was adopted to maintain the order of the imperial lineage, and the Huangming Zuxun (Instructions of the Ancestor of the August Ming) were used to regulate the peerages and rights of the royal family. Since the reign of the Yongle Emperor, the court implemented a series of policies designed to suppress the feudal power of the local royal clans in order to eliminate potential threats to the reigning emperor's power. Moreover, the official establishment in the imperial princes' mansions also played a crucial role in strengthening supervision and management of the conduct of imperial clans. Officials such as the Chief of Staffs (changshi) and Instructors (jiaoshou) were responsible for educating royal offspring, handling the arrangement of marriages, reviewing the register of newborn children, and applying for royal titles from the court. To monitor the local royal families and expose any illegal activities, a surveillance system comprising officials from the princes’ mansions, local governors, and inspectors dispatched by the court was put into place. Since the Chenghua period, the court increasingly focused on disorder resulting from the royal family's violation of marriage rules and the emergence of illegitimate children. Several regulations were also established during the Hongzhi and Zhengde reigns, strictly forbidding illegitimate children from being enfeoffed, illegally inheriting peerages, and receiving allowance grains. During the Jiajing period, the court initiated reforms concerning the status regulations and related expenditures of the royal family. Besides introducing reporting formats for marriages, taking concubines, and the births of new children, the court also gradually reduced the allowances for illegitimate children and the imperial clans who had lost their titles, aiming to eliminate fraudulent enfeoffment and alleviate financial burdens. However, emperors often granted special favors to the imperial clans who violated the regulations as a demonstration of their cherishing of blood ties, which led to the court's failure in effectively enforcing the regulations and the falling short of reform efforts. The phenomenon of fraudulent claims continued after the Jiajing period. Even though new regulations were established during the Wanli period, the problem remained unsolved, persisting until the fall of the Ming dynasty as an incurable issue. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/88597 |
DOI: | 10.6342/NTU202302299 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 歷史學系 |
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