包容性連帶：無家者社福組織建立社會連帶的過程與阻礙

Abstract

過去有眾多貧窮者社會關係的研究，他們發現貧窮者脆弱危殆的社會關係會惡化他們不穩定的生活處境。那如果有一個空間致力於修復無家者的社會關係，他們的生活會帶來什麼樣的改變？重修舊好是一個無家者的服務據點，在2019年由社團法人人生百味文化建構協會承接臺北市政府社會局委託成立。這個空間藉由修復無家者的社會關係來改善他們生活的不穩定，本文欲檢視這種創新服務方式的成果。藉由兩年的田野觀察，本文回答「社會福利組織作為一個外力介入社會連帶的建立，如何影響無家者的社會關係？」 本文將重修舊好欲建立的社會連帶概念化成「包容性連帶」，它作為一種新的社會規範，期待（一）在制度上不排除任何人、（二）在互動上多元包容、尊重差異。作為一種可累積的社會資本，它預期達成（三）資源上的互助互惠。本文發現這個看似對無家者有益的社會連帶，卻不被無家者接受和採用。首先，包容性連帶作為一種社會規範，它企圖打造無家者群體相互依賴扶持的社會關係，但是這與無家者意識到「社會福利體制應訓練人自立」的想像有所不同，所以不願意建立這樣的連帶。另一方面，他們認為工作者會進行社福資格的篩選，因此他們需要與同儕競爭福利資源，而不是建立合作關係。其次，包容性連帶作為可累積的社會資本，它雖然提供無家者在組織內個人社會資本的提升，但是它在無家者離開組織後便難以維持，使他們在組織外無法藉由這些社會資本來建立更廣泛的社會支持網。總結而言，包容性連帶雖立意良善，但卻在建立的過程遭遇重重阻礙，以致無家者難以透過包容性連帶在組織外維持互助網絡。

Previous studies have highlighted the negative impact of fragile and precarious social relationships on the unstable living conditions of individuals experiencing poverty. In light of this, an important question arises: can dedicated spaces for repairing social relationships among the homeless contribute to an improvement in their living conditions? In response to this question, "Recovery（重修舊好）," a homelessness service center, was established in 2019 under the auspices of the Social Welfare Department of the Taipei City Government, in collaboration with the organization Do you a Flavor（人生百味）. The primary objective of this center is to address the instability in the lives of the homeless by fostering the development of robust social connections. This article aims to assess the outcomes of this innovative service approach by conducting a comprehensive study based on two years of field observations. Specifically, it explores the types of social relationships that homeless individuals establish through the intervention of social welfare organizations. This article conceptualizes the social ties that “Recovery” seeks to establish as "inclusive ties." Inclusive ties are defined as social norm that embody a set of principles, including (1) institutional inclusivity, which ensures that no one is excluded at the institutional level, and (2) the promotion of diverse inclusivity and respect for differences during interactions. As a form of social capital, inclusive ties aim to foster (3) mutual assistance and reciprocity in terms of resources. However, this study reveals that the inclusive ties, which may sound better and beneficial, is not accepted by the homeless. Firstly, inclusive ties as a social norm aims to create interdependence relation among the homeless community. However, this goes against the belief of homeless individuals who realize that the social welfare system should train people to be self-reliant, so they are unwilling to establish such ties. On the other hand, they believe that service providers will screen their eligibility of social welfare, thus leading them to compete for welfare resources rather than fostering cooperative relationships. Secondly, inclusive ties as social capital, it enhances the personal social capital of homeless individuals within an organization. However, it becomes difficult to maintain outside the organization once they leave, which prevents them from establishing a broader social support network. In summary, although inclusive ties have good intentions, it encounters numerous obstacles during its establishment, making it challenging for homeless individuals to maintain reciprocity networks outside the organization.