旅日記からみる近世の蝦夷地 ――旅と生活へのまなざし

Abstract

一直以來，對於江戶時代旅日記的研究多是以本州的旅行為主，旅行的主題多以參勤交代、武者修行、神社參拜為主，而相較於這些本州的旅行，比較少先行研究探討江戶時代蝦夷地的旅行。若要了解江戶時代的旅行文化，不只是本州的旅行，蝦夷地的旅行也需要納入視野進行討論。另外，透過旅日記也可以看出當時人們生活的樣貌，因此若善用旅日記這類文獻，可以同時探討旅行史及生活史。 本研究的目的在於，透過江戶時代前往蝦夷地的旅人們的日記來探討蝦夷地旅行的實際情況及居住於蝦夷地的人們的生活實態。本研究以三位旅行者的旅日記為例：菅江真澄「蝦夷喧辭辨」・「昆布苅」・「蝦夷乃手布利」・「智誌磨濃胆岨」、平秩東作「歌戯帳」、古川古松軒『東遊雑記』。關於研究方法，本論文從以下三個側面進行探討：①江戶時代蝦夷地探險的時代背景②蝦夷地旅行的特徵③蝦夷地住民的生活樣貌。第一章從蝦夷地與幕藩體制的關係切入，探討與江戶時代蝦夷地旅行相關的制度背景。第二章討論了蝦夷地旅行的特徵，例如：從本州前往蝦夷地的渡海、影響蝦夷地旅行的天氣、交通、住宿等要素、蝦夷地旅行的困難點等。第三章透過旅人的視線，探討了江戶時代蝦夷地住民們的生活樣貌。 透過上述分析，本研究得到了以下幾點結論。即便是旅行較為輕鬆的江戶時代，於蝦夷地旅行仍然是相當困難的事情。松前藩對旅行者的統制、道路的狀況不佳、山川的氾濫、熊的威脅等，對於前往蝦夷地旅行的人們來說，無疑都是旅途中的艱辛。旅行者必須克服嚴寒、借宿民宅、多次乘船渡河以及防範熊的襲擊。與此同時，本論文揭示了居住在蝦夷地的人們的生活樣貌。他們以捕鯡魚為生，當鯡魚群來時是最繁忙的時期，甚至沒時間舉行葬禮。然而，天明年間以後，鯡魚產量減少，人們因此陷入困境。義經傳說和松前津波的記憶成為了蝦夷地人們的集體記憶，並流傳了很長的一段時間。此外，關於愛奴族，他們雖然具有濃密的體毛和眉毛，但也有觀點認為他們與和人之間的差異並不大。透過旅日記可以看見愛奴族與和人有著友好的互動，但衝突也經常發生。 本文透過旅行者的紀錄為研究史料，不僅著眼於旅行者的旅程，還探究了當地居民的生活狀況。透過對蝦夷地的旅行和生活的研究，將可一窺近世蝦夷地社會文化史的一部分。

Traditionally, research on travel diaries during the Edo period has mainly focused on journeys within Honshu, with themes such as official duties, samurai training, and shrine visits being prominent. In comparison to these travels within Honshu, there has been relatively little research on travel in Ezo during the Edo period. To truly understand the travel culture of the Edo period, it is essential to broaden our perspective and include discussions on travel in Ezo, not just focusing on travels within Honshu. Furthermore, travel diaries not only provide insights into journeys but also offer glimpses into the daily lives of people during that time. Therefore, by utilizing travel diaries and similar historical documents, we can simultaneously explore the history of travel and daily life. The purpose of this research is to explore the actual circumstances of travel to Ezo during the Edo period and examine the living conditions of the people residing in Ezo, using the travel diaries of travelers who journeyed to Ezo during that time. This study focuses on the travel diaries of three individuals as examples: Sugae Masumi“蝦夷喧辭辨”・“昆布苅”・“蝦夷乃手布利”・“智誌磨濃胆岨”,Hezutu Tohsaku“歌戯帳”,Hurukawa Koshoken“東遊雑記”. The research methodology of this thesis explores the following three aspects: ① The historical background of entering and leaving Ezo during the Edo period. ② The characteristics of travel in Ezo. ③ The living conditions of the residents of Ezo. Chapter One delves into the relationship between Ezo and the Bakufu to examine the institutional background related to travel to Ezo during the Edo period. Chapter Two discusses the characteristics of travel in Ezo, including elements such as sea crossings from Honshu to Ezo, the influence of weather, transportation, accommodation, and the challenges encountered during travel in Ezo. Chapter Three, from the perspective of the travelers, explores the lifestyle of the residents of Ezo during the Edo period. Based on the above analysis, this research draws the following conclusions. Even during the relatively relaxed Edo period, traveling to Ezo remained quite challenging. The control imposed by the Matsumae domain, poor road conditions, floods in rivers and mountains, and the threat of bears—all of these undoubtedly presented hardships for those undertaking journeys to Ezo. Travelers had to overcome severe cold, seek lodging in local households, make multiple river crossings by boat, and guard against bear attacks. At the same time, this thesis reveals the living conditions of the people residing in Ezo. They relied on catching herring as their livelihood, and the busiest period for them was when the herring schools arrived, to the extent that they had no time for funerals. However, after the Tenmei era, herring production decreased, and people faced hardships. The legends of Yoshitsune and the memory of the Matsumae tsunami became part of the collective memory of the people in Ezo and were passed down for a long time. In addition, regarding the Ainu people, while they had thick body and eyebrow hair, there are perspectives that suggest the differences between them and the 和人 were not significant. Through the travel diaries, we can observe friendly interactions between the Ainu people and the 和人, but conflicts also occurred frequently. This research utilizes the records of travelers as research materials, focusing not only on the journeys of these travelers but also exploring the living conditions of the local residents. Through the study of travel and life in Ezo. the aim is to gain insights into a part of the social and cultural history of early modern Ezo.