城隍子孫的游移：晚清浦東鄉鎮社會的地方精英與地方政治，1860-1911

Abstract

本文將探討自太平天國戰爭至辛亥革命期間，陳行秦氏家族是如何使用不同的策略應對地方政治競爭，維繫他們對浦東鄉鎮社會的支配權。陳行秦氏通過1860年的《團練章程》攫取鄉鎮社會的軍事、財政權力。太平天國戰爭結束後，在圍繞上海城隍廟的紛爭中，他們靈活地操弄地方宗教傳統這一被共同認可的語言，並結合上海城内的不同地方勢力，在延續與斷裂之間層累出一套跨越城鄉的二元象徵符號體系。 在1890年前，他們努力維繫對浦東鄉鎮社會的支配權。但隨著現代中國「國家政權建設」的進程，曾經缺乏政治參與管道的地方強人勢力，通過鹽捕營這樣的基層國家機構，以「營利型經紀」的身份登上地方政治的競技場。帝國時代維繫支配權的話語體系，無力應對實際利益的競逐。新出現的地方政治參與管道與日益白熱化的地方政治競爭，打破了地方精英自太平天國以來對浦東鄉鎮社會支配權。地方社會的行動者們，在關於資源、利益與權力的競爭中，跨越了城市與鄉鎮、合法與非法等不同監管空間的界限，並使得暴力成為了地方精英維繫支配權的新方式。

This article focuses on how the Qin family in Chenhang used different strategies to cope with local political competitions and maintain their dominance over the Pudong society, from the Taiping Civil War to the Xinhai Revolution. The Qin family obtained military and financial power over the Pudong society, through the 1860 Charter of Militia (Tuanlian Zhangcheng). After the Taiping Civil War, they flexibly manipulated a commonly accepted language, i.e., the local religious tradition, to deal with the dispute over the Shanghai City God Temple. They formed alliances with different local forces, and produced a symbolic system, which crossed the line between urban and rural. Before 1890, they maintained their dominance over the Pudong society. But in the state-making process of modern China, the local strongmen's forces, which could not participate in local politics before, appeared in the local arena as entrepreneurial brokers, by joining the state’s grassroots institutions like the Salt Revenue Cutter Service (Yanbuying). The discourse system that local elites once used to maintain their dominance in late imperial China, was unable to cope with the competition for real profit. New local political participation methods, and the increasingly harsh local political competitions, broke the local elites’ dominance over the Pudong society, which they obtained since the Taiping Civil War. Local actors crossed the border between different regulatory spaces, like urban and rural, legal and illegal, when they competed for resources, profits and power. Finally, violence became a new method for local elites to maintain their dominance.