暫行安置處分之研究——以德國法為中心

Abstract

近年來患有精神疾病之人犯下刑事重大違法行為之案件頻傳，因而逐漸受到社會大眾關注。在各案件的刑事訴訟審判程序中，亦突顯過去我國《刑事訴訟法》面對此類可能具備《刑法》第19條第1項或第2項原因之被告時，實際上欠缺一項適當的制度，於刑事追訴過程中暫時性的拘束其人身自由，以避免是類被告再度於社會上實行進一步的違法行為而危及公共安全。因此，我國在民國111年1月27日以「兼顧被告醫療、訴訟權益之保障及社會安全防護之需求，並與我國既有法制接軌」為由，修正通過刑事訴訟法「第十章之一 暫行安置」。 由於此次修法增訂的新制主要繼受自德國法上的「暫行安置（Einstweilige Unterbringung）」處分，故本文欲藉由探討德國法上的暫行安置制度，作為我國法之借鏡。脈絡上將先自德國法上暫行安置之要件著手，接著探討德國法上設置何種機制以避免拘束人身自由過久，並研究具體執行時的規範運作，最後奠基於對德國法的理解，檢視我國暫行安置之規範適當性。

In recent years, there have been frequent cases of individuals with mental illnesses committing serious criminal offenses, which has gradually garnered attention from the public. Within the criminal proceedings of these cases, it has become evident that our country's Code of Criminal Procedure has lacked an appropriate system when dealing with defendants who may have reasons under Article 19(1) or (2) of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China, thus temporarily restraining their personal freedom during the criminal prosecution process to prevent them from further engaging in unlawful activities and endangering public safety. Therefore, on January 27th, 2022, our country amended and passed the Criminal Procedure Law, adding "Chapter 10-1: Provisional placement," based on the rationale of "balancing the protection of the defendant's medical and litigation rights with the need for social security protection and alignment with our existing legal system." Since the newly added provision in this amendment is primarily derived from "Provisional placement (Einstweilige Unterbringung)" measure of the German legal system, this article aims to explore the Provisional placement system of Germany as a reference for the new system in our country. Starting with the requirements for Provisional placement in German law, we will examine the mechanisms employed to prevent excessive restraint of personal freedom and study the specific regulations for its implementation. Finally, based on an understanding of German law, this article will evaluate the appropriateness of our country's regulations on Provisional placement.