BIM賦予人居環境安全之主動式指引系統架構

Abstract

本研究為應對人身安全遭逢的災害事件(發生於實體環境之中、肇因於人際環境引發、誘發自人身健康之虞)，發展一套涵蓋建築物全生命週期(規劃設計、營造施工、營運管理階段)，和貫通災害應對三個階段(災害前之防災、災害中之疏散和救援、災害後之鑑識和改善措施)，採用行動通信裝置和通訊應用軟體為開發平台的主動式災害應對指引系統。一旦遭逢到災害事件，現場人員憑藉行動通信裝置，即刻會接獲本指引系統傳達的避難指示和路徑指引訊息，起而言赴之予行動，以能趨吉避凶安全脫困。 這一套主動式指引系統共有三項核心的運行系統：1.仿真模擬實境驗證系統。這個系統啟始於工程專案的規劃設計階段，即導入仿真模擬驗證行動，對接運行之中的建築物營運管理系統，用以消弭肇因於設計構想導致引發災害事件的潛在因素。建築物落成啟用進入營運管理階段，導入仿真實境驗證行動，每一日查檢分析人流分布和群聚數量，相對於起火區間和指向避難出口的負荷總量。2.災害防救應對系統；這個子系統於災害發生前，採用「防護層級，提前部署」的策略；使用四項指標(建築物行事曆、容留人數管制、設施設備運行現況、能源供給現況)，即時在線連結轄區消防分隊的主控台，共同守護建築物的安全，確保現場人員的使用安全。災害進行中採用「人機協作、空間轉換」的策略；系統依據現場人員的位置及狀態，傳達避難指示和路徑引導的訊息，指引人員到最適宜的避難出口。3.行政和總務系統；採用「區域聯防、數位協作」的策略，由四個單位 (建築物、轄區消防分隊和警察局、縣市救災救護指揮中心、縣市政府業務主管機關) 的系統主控台，共同組建成區域網路，直接傳達建築物的各項訊息、記錄。應對人身健康之虞採用的健康檢測措施；檢測訊息透過行動通信網路，傳達至所屬醫院的健康監測系統。 歸納上述而論，舉凡災害應對演繹的各類課題和採用的策略，實為處理一幕關鍵的情境狀態：確切地掌握一旦發生災害之時，現場的人流分布和群聚數量，並依此作為災害發生前，仿真驗證避難出口的負荷量。災害發生之時，即刻為現場人員傳達避難指示，並且引導至安全的避難出口。據此，論及本研究的貢獻，對比實施之中的消防制度，展現於三方面：1.災害應對行動，啟始於工程專案的規劃設計階段；憑藉源頭的空間設計和仿真驗證來避免發生災害事件。2.在線連結建築物與轄區消防分隊的主控台，採用機制對應機制的連動響應作業，藉以降低肇因於人為通報、決策，延宕消防行動的最佳時機。3.闡明災害防救演習不再流於形式，掌握現場的人流分布和群聚數量，是影響災害應對成敗的關鍵，甚至可以追溯至判別建築物防火避難性能設計書和評定書的有效性。雖然仍舊無法預知災害事件何時會發生，但倘若有遭遇人身安全之虞，採用本主動式災害應對指引系統，皆可以達到避免不幸事件的發生，或是限縮可能造成的損失在一般大眾可以承受的範圍。

The purpose of this study is to integrate physical and digital environmental resources, using mobile communication devices and communication application software as development platforms, and create a complete set of guidance system architecture with proactive disaster response. In the event of a disaster event that endangers personal safety, the system based on the guidance system architecture will immediately convey evacuation instructions and path guidance information to the mobile communication devices of the on-site personnel in the disaster area for collaborative evacuation. This proactive guidance system architecture developed for disaster response directly connects the communication interfaces between refugees and rescuers and consists of three core operational subsystems: (1) A simulation and reality verification subsystem; (2) Disaster prevention and rescue response subsystem; (3) Administrative and general affairs subsystem. The contribution of this study, compared to the current implementation of fire protection systems, is presented in the following three aspects: 1. Disaster response actions begin at the planning and design stage of engineering projects; By relying on the spatial design and simulation verification of the source, disaster events can be avoided. 2. The main control console of the building and the fire brigade in the jurisdiction online are connected and a mechanism corresponding mechanism is adopted for linkage response operations, to reduce the optimal time for human notification and decision-making to delay fire action. 3. This research clarifies that disaster prevention and rescue exercises are no longer just a formality, and fully understanding the distribution and number of people gathering at the disaster site is the key to affecting the success or failure of disaster response. In Summary, the various topics and strategies used in disaster response are for handling a critical situational state: accurately grasping the distribution and number of people gathering at the hazardous site at the time of the disaster. Based on the key scenario states mentioned above, simulation and verification of the load capacity of the evacuation exit before the disaster occurs. Therefore, it is possible to immediately guide on-site personnel to a safe evacuation exit when a disaster occurs. Although it is still impossible to predict when a disaster event may occur, if there is a risk of personal safety, the use of this proactive disaster response guidance system can achieve the goal of avoiding the occurrence of disaster events or limiting the potential losses that can be borne by the general public.