殷墟布局研究的再思考──以小屯遺址區為例

Abstract

殷墟布局研究的開展，從早期對遺址空間分布與殷墟範圍的初步認識，在1950年代以後走向不同社會功能遺存的空間布局與卷心菜發展模式，構成二十世紀下半葉敘述、分析殷墟布局的傳統模式。隨著1970年代殷墟西區族墓地的發現與研究，殷墟的聚落型態及其所顯示的社會結構，逐漸成為學者討論殷墟布局的重點之一；而上述傳統模式逐漸公式化，無法有效回應這個問題。因此，1990年代末期以後，鄭若葵所提出「族邑模式」及其延伸「多點擴展、連接成面的發展模式」，逐漸取代過去的「卷心菜模式」，成為二十一世紀殷墟布局研究的新興傳統，並逐漸開展出分期、分區、針對特定社會功能遺存與綜論性的研究，顯示布局研究已成為殷墟考古學界的顯學。 其中，分區研究，即以區域為單位，系統性整理、分析單一區域內不同社會功能遺存的空間布局，是殷墟布局研究的重要基礎。然而，由於近年殷墟布局研究的趨勢，主要是針對路網、水系（水網）、手工業作坊的討論，分區研究僅有聚焦在殷墟南區的個別論文。對其餘區域的分區研究，除了對個別遺址的討論，主要出現在綜論殷墟整體空間布局的研究；其中最新、最詳細者，當屬2011年出版的《殷墟布局探索與研究（第一期）》一書。然而，由於該書結構相對紊亂、並未明確解釋不同社會功能的界定標準、布局地圖與文字敘述之間有巨大落差，且十餘年來新的考古材料與研究不斷增加，目前亟需解決上述問題，並系統性整理最新、最完整材料的分區研究。 本研究選擇殷墟九個遺址區的核心區域──小屯遺址區，系統性整理1928-2022年間公開發表的大量考古材料，將不同社會功能的遺存劃分為五種分類，並明確解釋其界定標準：一，居住址與建築基址群遺存；二，手工業作坊與相關遺存；三，道路、溝渠、陂池類與大型公共活動場遺存；四，墓葬與祭祀性遺存；五，甲骨坑遺存。在這五種社會功能分類之下，以分布位置為綱，分別介紹遺存的性質、數量、形制、出土遺物、年代分期及其可能的社會功能，以完整呈現目前所見小屯遺址區內不同社會功能遺存的空間布局。除此之外，本研究製作小屯遺址區布局地圖，以Google Earth近年所見安陽地區地貌最清晰的衛星地圖為底圖，比例尺設定為1：12500，並根據不同社會功能製作不同形狀、顏色的圖例，將遺存（群）標示於地圖上；除了製作一張涵括小屯遺址區內所有遺存的布局地圖，著重整體遺存的空間分布，本研究更依據殷墟文化分期，製作殷墟一至四期的分期布局地圖，嘗試呈現考古遺存空間布局的歷時性變化，並以白色標示缺乏確定年代的遺存。最後，本研究於全文之末附上布局地圖對照表，方便研究者對照圖例標號，迅速找到特定遺存於布局地圖上的位置。 透過上述方法，本研究明確不同社會功能遺存的界定標準，並提供蒐羅材料更完整、布局地圖更精確的殷墟布局研究。

The development of the research on the spatial layout of the Yin Ruins (Yinxu) began with the preliminary understanding of the spatial distribution of archaeological sites and the extent of Yinxu in the early stages. After the 1950s, it progressed towards the spatial layout of different social functional remains and the “Cabbage Model”, forming the traditional mode of description and analysis of the spatial layout of Yinxu during the latter half of the 20th century. With the discovery and study of the lineage cemetery in the western area of Yinxu in the 1970s, the settlement pattern of Yinxu and the social structure it revealed gradually became one of the key points of discussion among scholars regarding the spatial layout of Yinxu. The traditional mode gradually became formulaic and failed to effectively respond to this topic. Therefore, after the late 1990s, the "Clan-settlement Model," proposed by Zheng Ruokui, and its extension, the "Multi-point Expansion, Interconnected Development Model," have gradually replaced the previous "Cabbage model" and became the emerging tradition in the research on the spatial layout of Yinxu in the 21st century. Under the new tradition, research has developed and included topics on different periods, sections, specific social functional remains, and comprehensive studies, demonstrating that research on the spatial layout has become a prominent field within the archaeology of the Yinxu.

Among those topics, research focused on specific sections systematically organizes and analyzes the spatial layout of different social functional remains within a single section. It serves as an important foundation for the research on the spatial layout of Yinxu. However, due to recent trends in the fields of research have primarily focused on networks of roads, water systems (hydrological networks), and workshops, regarding studies on specific sections, there are only several papers concentrated on the southern section of Yinxu. As for the studies on other sections, apart from discussions on individual sites, it has mainly appeared in comprehensive studies on the overall spatial layout of Yinxu. The most recent and detailed work in this regard is the book "Exploration and Research on the Spatial Layout of Yinxu (Phase 1)" published in 2011. However, this book suffers from a relatively disorganized structure, a lack of clear explanations regarding the criteria for different social functions, and a significant disparity between layout maps and textual descriptions. In addition, the continuous increase of archaeological materials and research over the past decade has revealed an urgent need to address the aforementioned issues and systematically organize the latest and most complete materials for studies on specific sections.

This thesis selects the Xiaotun Sites Section, the core of the nine sites sections of Yinxu, and systematically organizes the massive amount of archaeological materials published from 1928 to 2022. The social functions of these remains are classified into five categories, and the criteria for each category are clearly explained: 1. residential sites and architectural foundations; 2. workshops and related remains; 3. roads, ditches, ponds, and large-scale public activity areas; 4. tombs and sacrificial remains; 5. oracle bone pits. Under these five categories, the thesis introduces the nature, quantity, form, unearthed artifacts, chronological periods, and possible social functions of the remains, providing a comprehensive presentation of the spatial layout of different social functional remains within the Xiaotun Sites Section. Additionally, this thesis creates a layout map of the Xiaotun Sites Section, using the clearest satellite map of Anyang region available on Google Earth in recent years as the base map with a scale of 1:12500. Different shapes and colors are used in the legend to represent different social functions, marking the remains on the map. Apart from creating a layout map encompassing all remains within the Xiaotun Sites Section and focusing on the overall spatial distribution of the remains, the thesis also creates staged layout maps for Yinxu Period I to IV, attempting to present the diachronic development in the spatial layout of the archaeological remains. Remains which lack a definite period are marked in white. Finally, at the end of this thesis, reference tables for the layout map are provided to facilitate researchers in quickly locating specific remains on the layout map by cross-referencing the legend numbers. Through the aforementioned methods, this thesis establishes clear criteria for defining different social function remains and provides a more comprehensive collection of archaeological materials and a more accurate layout map for research on the spatial layout of Yinxu.