A商業保理公司風險防控策略改進研究

Abstract

保理業務是指債權人將其應收帳款予以轉讓，提供貿易融資、應收帳款管理與催收、銷售分戶帳管理、客戶資信評估及信用風險擔保等於一體的綜合性信用服務。在我國，保理業務通常分為商業銀行提供的銀行保理業務和商業保理公司提供的商業保理業務。銀行保理業務主要服務於大型央企、國企和規模以上的上市公司；商業保理公司主要服務於以供應鏈體系為紐帶的中小企業。商業保理公司提供的保理融資服務為供應鏈體系的核心企業、上游供應商、下游加盟商或分銷商提供了重要的場景化融資服務，已經成為供應鏈體系內中小企業的主要融資來源。過去十年，商業保理業務在我國蓬勃發展。保理業務總量從2011年的50億元人民幣增長至2021年2.02萬億元人民幣，保理業務服務的中小企業超過百萬家，為提高中小企業資金周轉速度和提升供應鏈管理效率發揮了重大作用。 商業保理公司面臨巨大的發展機遇和風險挑戰。一方面，國內中小企業蓬勃發展，與供應鏈管理相結合的保理融資市場需求巨大，保守預計每年在萬億以上，市場前景十分廣闊。另一方面，商業保理公司服務的中小企業和小微商戶抗風險能力較弱、違約率高、容易形成壞帳風險，出現各種風險隱患。卓越的風險防控策略是商業保理公司運營管理的核心競爭力，決定公司的經營方式，影響公司的經營成果，是公司應對風險和挑戰的重要保障機制。存在問題的風險防控策略如果未能有效改進，輕則影響商業保理公司正常經營發展，重則產生資產違約風險，導致保理業務終止，甚至迫使商業保理公司退出市場、破產清算。因此，研究商業保理公司如何改進風險防控策略，降低壞賬率，保障資產安全，實現可持續經營發展，對保理行業發展和中小企業融資管道暢通具有重大意義。 A商業保理公司是一家註冊在上海自貿區的中小型保理公司，過去六年專注於為零售行業中小企業提供保理服務，累計服務中小企業2萬戶，累計提供保理融資服務8億元。由於國內經濟週期變化，社會消費品零售總額增幅放緩，貨幣政策變化，新零售業態線上線下衝擊，資訊技術升級，新冠疫情驟起，A商業保理公司的客戶遇到重大挑戰，違約頻發。公司壞賬率一度達到6.4%，可持續經營能力遭受嚴重影響。公司通過對風險防控策略的持續改進，在兩年內將壞帳率降至1%以下，資產品質快速回升，業務穩健發展，有效化解了前期風險隱患。 本文以A商業保理公司風險防控策略的改進為研究物件，運用調查研究法及案例分析法，分析其早期風險防控策略存在的問題，聚焦“內、外部兩個方面”和“事前、事中、事後三個階段”研究其風險防控策略改進方案、執行措施和保障機制，通過樣本案例實證分析驗證其改進後風險防控策略的良好實踐效果。 本文認為，商業保理公司的風險防控策略應包括保理商自身治理的內部風險防控和基於客戶信用開展保理業務的外部風險防控兩個方面。內部風險防控策略的核心是嚴格遵循“合規性是業務開展及創新的根本前提，流動性充裕是持續經營的基本保障”的原則，嚴密防範保理商本身的流動性風險、合規性風險和運營風險。外部風險防控策略的重點是建立對客戶風險的事前識別、事中監督、事後控制措施，確保在事前識別客群風險、信用風險、市場風險、法律風險；事中嚴格執行監督預警機制，加強過程檢測與管控；事後有效控制，及時合規完成應收賬款催收，修正流程隱患，完善風險回饋及反覆運算優化機制。在業務實踐中，客戶所在行業及供應鏈運行特徵是風險防控策略設計的重要依據，事前風險識別重於事中監督及事後催收，大資料風控模式則有利於各階段消除資訊不對稱風險。 綜上所述，本文通過對A商業保理公司整體風險防控策略改進的研究，總結教訓經驗，以期為同業開展中小企業供應鏈保理業務，支援中小企業發展提供一定的參考和借鑒。

Factoring business refers to the transfer of creditors' accounts receivable and the provision of comprehensive credit services integrating trade financing, accounts receivable management and collection, sales account management, customer credit assessment and credit risk guarantee. In China, factoring business is usually divided into bank factoring business provided by commercial banks and commercial factoring business provided by commercial factoring companies. Bank factoring business mainly serves large central enterprises, state-owned enterprises and listed companies above designated size; Commercial factoring companies mainly serve small and medium-sized enterprises linked by supply chain systems. The factoring financing services provided by commercial factoring companies have provided important scenario-based financing services for core enterprises, upstream suppliers, downstream franchisees or distributors in the supply chain system, and have become the main source of financing for SMEs in the supply chain system. Over the past decade, commercial factoring business has flourished in our country. The total amount of factoring business increased from RMB 5 billion in 2011 to RMB 2.02 trillion in 2021, and the factoring business served more than one million small and medium-sized enterprises, which played a significant role in improving the speed of capital turnover and improving the efficiency of supply chain management of small and medium-sized enterprises. Commercial factoring companies face huge development opportunities and risk challenges. On the one hand, domestic small and medium-sized enterprises are booming, and the demand for factoring financing combined with supply chain management is huge, conservatively expected to be more than one trillion yuan per year, the market prospect is very broad, and commercial factoring companies are facing huge development opportunities. On the other hand, small and medium-sized enterprises and small and micro merchants served by commercial factoring companies have weak anti-risk ability, high default rate, easy to form bad debt risks, and various hidden risks. Excellent risk prevention and control strategy is the core competitiveness of the operation and management of commercial factoring companies, determines the company's business mode, affects the company's business results, and is an important guarantee mechanism for the company to cope with risks and challenges. If the risk prevention and control strategy with problems is not effectively improved, it will affect the normal operation and development of commercial factoring companies, and at worst it will cause the risk of asset default, resulting in the termination of factoring business, and even forcing commercial factoring companies to withdraw from the market and go bankrupt and liquidate. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how commercial factoring companies can improve risk prevention and control strategies, reduce bad debt rates, ensure asset safety, and achieve sustainable business development, which is of great significance to the development of the factoring industry and the smooth financing channels of small and medium-sized enterprises. A Commercial Factoring Company is a small and medium-sized factoring company registered in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, focusing on providing factoring services for small and medium-sized enterprises in the retail industry in the past six years, serving a total of 20,000 small and medium-sized enterprises and providing a total of 800 million yuan in factoring financing services. Due to changes in the domestic economic cycle, the slowdown in the growth rate of total retail sales of consumer goods, changes in monetary policy, online and offline impact of new retail formats, information technology upgrades, and the sudden outbreak of the new crown epidemic, the customers of Commercial Factoring Company A encountered major challenges and defaulted frequently. The company's bad debt rate once reached 6.4%, and its ability to operate sustainably was seriously affected. Through the continuous improvement of risk prevention and control strategies, the company reduced the bad debt rate to less than 1% within two years, the asset quality recovered rapidly, and the business developed steadily, effectively resolving the hidden risks in the early stage. This paper takes the improvement of the risk prevention and control strategy of commercial factoring company as the research object, uses the investigation and research method and case analysis method to analyze the problems existing in its early risk prevention and control strategy, focuses on the "internal and external aspects" and "before, during and after the three stages" to study the improvement plan, implementation measures and guarantee mechanism of its risk prevention and control strategy, and verifies the good practice effect of its improved risk prevention and control strategy through empirical analysis of sample cases.

This paper argues that the risk prevention and control strategy of commercial factoring companies should include two aspects: internal risk prevention and control of factoring self-governance and external risk prevention and control of factoring business based on customer credit. The core of the internal risk prevention and control strategy is to strictly follow the principle of "compliance is the fundamental prerequisite for business development and innovation, and sufficient liquidity is the basic guarantee for continuous operation", and strictly prevent the liquidity risk, compliance risk and operational risk of the factor itself. The focus of the external risk prevention and control strategy is to establish pre-identification, in-process supervision and post-event control measures for customer risks to ensure that customer group risks, credit risks, market risks and legal risks are identified in advance; Strictly implement the supervision and early warning mechanism during the incident, and strengthen process detection and control; Effective control after the fact, timely and compliant completion of accounts receivable collection, correction of process hidden dangers, improvement of risk feedback and iterative optimization mechanism. In business practice, the customer's industry and supply chain operation characteristics are an important basis for the design of risk prevention and control strategies, pre-event risk identification is more important than in-event supervision and post-event collection, and the big data risk control model is conducive to eliminating information asymmetric risks at all stages. In summary, this paper summarizes the lessons and experience through the research on the improvement of the overall risk prevention and control strategy of commercial factoring company A, in order to provide certain references and references for the industry to carry out the supply chain factoring business of small and medium-sized enterprises and support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.