臺灣地區日本鰻 (Anguilla japonica) 鰻苗捕撈管理政策之研究

Abstract

日本鰻 (Anguilla japonica) 為降河性洄游魚類，日本自古以來既有的食鰻文化與風俗，在龐大的消費市場下，鰻魚進口的需求有增無減，其所蘊含的經濟價值與產業規模，使日本鰻成為東亞地區十分重要的養殖物種，昂貴的人工繁殖成本，導致日本鰻目前仍須完全仰賴天然鰻苗之供給。近年來，因天然鰻苗資源不斷減少，日本鰻已被華盛頓公約組織 (CITES) 評估是否應列入附錄二之中，一旦成真，因國際貿易的嚴格限縮，東亞鰻魚養殖業勢必遭受極大衝擊。在臺灣，由於黑潮洋流輸送與冬季東北季風吹拂，加上我國為日本鰻漁汛期間可最早捕獲鰻苗之國家，苗價因水漲船高吸引許多漁民紛紛加入捕撈行列，也造成每年鰻苗捕撈意外頻頻。另一方面，臺灣自2013年開始針對鰻苗捕撈漁期進行管制，然而卻有9成的鰻苗在漁汛期間被捕獲，鰻苗登記制度與漁撈日誌皆未能確實協助政府當局進行有效的數據收集，不僅使鰻苗資源管理效力不彰，各沿海地區錯綜複雜的捕撈方式，也讓臺灣的鰻苗管理政策變得非常棘手。本研究擬進行各國鰻苗資源管理法規之整理，並建立臺灣鰻苗捕撈熱點地圖，並採用半結構式訪談，整合產官學界三方意見，研擬適用臺灣且兼容多方聲音之管理方案。研究結果顯示，許多鰻苗捕撈國家皆採行捕撈許可證，並依照各地時間特性施行彈性漁汛期與捕撈配額；根據訪談結果與資料分析，臺灣意外事故的好發地點為宜、花地區，起因多為失足落海、遭浪打翻等。本研究建議漁政管理單位應參考他國政策，並依照臺灣海岸地形與漁具漁法等特殊脈絡，搭配漁撈安全講習課程，透過日本鰻鰻苗捕撈許可證之發行，建立可靠之鰻苗數量統計系統，並進行捕撈人數上限之總量控管與禁止跨區捕撈，逐步增強鰻苗資源保育之力道。

Japanese eel Anguilla japonica is a catadromous fish with a long history of culture and customs in Japan. Due to the expensive cost of artificial propagation, Japanese eel still has to rely on the supply of natural eel fishing in the wild. In recent years, the continuous decline of natural eel resources has resulted in considering listing it in Appendix II of CITES. Taiwan is the earliest country to catch glass eel during the fishing period because of Kuroshio transport and the northeast monsoon blowing in winter, attracting many people to join eel fishing activity in the coastal area. It has also caused drowning accidents every year. Taiwan has been regulating the fishing period of glass eel since 2013, but 90% of glass eels were caught during the fishing period, and the eel registration system and fishing log have not assisted Taiwan authorities to carry out effective data collection. Therefore, this study intends to collate the laws and regulations of eel resources in various countries, demonstrate the key areas of eel fishing accurately by fishing bubble map, and use semi-structured interviews to integrate the different opinions for developing applicable management as a reference for future policy implementation. The results show that many countries capturing glass eels require fishing licenses with flexible fishing periods and catch quotas. According to the results of interviews and data analysis, accidents frequently occur in Yilan and Hualien, with many being caused by falling into the sea or being overturned by waves. The authority concerned shall reference policies from other countries, and according to Taiwan's coastal topography, fishing gear, provide fishing safety courses and establish a tracking system for glass eels quantities through the issuance of a fishing license.