離岸風電能不能 -臺灣離岸風電產業的創建、落地與著根

Abstract

本研究以臺灣離岸風電產業的發展為例，將研究問題區分成巨觀、中觀與微觀三個尺度。（1）臺灣政府創建離岸風電產業鏈採取何種政策？ （2）臺灣廠商透過組建聯盟來切入產業鏈所產生的效益與阻礙為何？（3）臺灣廠商跨入離岸風電產業鏈遇到什麼樣的門檻，又是透過何種策略去處理？藉由回答上述問題試圖去了解創建一條新產業路徑的關鍵要素與其背後機制。 研究結果發現，從巨觀尺度，臺灣具有地方特性，也就是擁有了與其他地區不同的自然資源稟賦，而政府也企圖運用這項籌碼去要求國外開發商將本地廠商納入離岸風電產業鏈中。另外也可以看到政府的高躉購電價與產業關聯性政策，呈現其政策特性從發展技術到嘗試開創市場，縱使無法全然的掌控整條產業鏈，但我們仍然能看到臺灣政府在創建新產業路徑時所展現的角色轉型。再者，從中觀尺度，對廠商而言，進入離岸風電產業仍具有相當高的門檻，因此期望透過組建產業聯盟產生綜效，然而因產業結構的限制使得聯盟網絡難以發揮效果，不過在另一層面，本研究也觀察到其比較具體的成果展現在資訊交流平台的方面。最後就微觀尺度而言，本研究以水下基礎與海事工程領域為例，區分了技術與市場門檻。其中水下基礎廠商比較能以自身為基礎投入，透過向外學習、內部自我學習、向下要求等策略來處理門檻；而海事工程廠商則需要透過合資處理規模與經驗的議題。然而因臺灣環境／產業的特殊性產生有異於先進國家的特殊門檻，使得臺灣廠商不是單向被先進廠商帶著走，是存在著雙向的需求與互動過程。另外，我們也可以觀察到臺灣政府的政策對臺灣廠商存在著效益與制約的二元性。

This study takes the development of Taiwan's offshore wind power industry as an example, and divides the research questions into three scales: macro, meso, and micro levels. Specifically, this study asks: (1) What are the policies adopted by the Taiwan government to create an offshore wind power industry chain? (2) What are the benefits and obstacles that Taiwanese firms encountered when entering the industry chain through the formation of alliances? (3) What are the strategies employed by Taiwanese firms individually to tackle the barriers of entering the offshore wind power industry chains? By answering these questions, this study attempts to understand the key elements and mechanisms behind the creation of a new industrial path. The study finds that, from a macro-scale perspective, Taiwan has local characteristics, i.e., natural resource endowments that are different from other regions, and, therefore, the government has attempted to use Taiwan’s natural endowments as the leverage to ask foreign developers to involve Taiwanese firms into their supply chains. In addition, the implementation of policies, such as Feed-In Tariff and Local Content Requirements, show the state’s policy goals shifted from technology development to market creation. Even though it is not possible to control the entire industry chains, we can still see the transformation of Taiwanese government's role in creating new industrial path. From a meso-scale perspective, the threshold for entering the offshore wind power industry is still quite high for Taiwanese firms, so they sought to create a synergy through establishing industry alliances. However, due to the limitations of local industrial structures, it is difficult for the alliance networks to work effectively. Finally, on a micro-scale perspective, this study takes the foundation and marine engineering fields as examples to examine how local firms deal with the technological and market thresholds. It is found that foundation firms are more capable of dealing with the thresholds through external learning, internal self-learning, and downward requirements, while marine engineering firms need to deal with the issue of scale and experience through joint ventures. However, due to the specific characteristics of local environment/industry, we note that Taiwanese firms faced special thresholds different from those of advanced countries, allowing Taiwanese firms to develop two-way interactive relationship with foreign advanced firms. In addition, we can also observe the duality of benefits and constraints of Taiwan government policies on Taiwanese firms.