離別文學的繼承與拓展──稼軒離別詞研究

Abstract

本文將稼軒離別詞置於離別文學的脈絡中，觀察他對前人的繼承與拓展。首先，筆者梳理了離別文學的發展，自先秦至唐代在詩體中由從屬位置成長為獨立的文學主題。迨詞體興起，離別亦進入詞的領域，隨著有宋一代的發展，離別詞的情感由歌女代言的傷春悲秋、相思怨別之懷，逐漸成為抒發作者自身生命中離別經驗的感思。南宋之後，面對山河破碎，離別詞更注入了家國、民族、歷史等多元層次的悲慨。其後，辛棄疾作為這波浪潮的集大成者，本文從情意表現與書寫手法兩方面對其離別詞進行考察。情感方面，以稼軒生命歷程分為江淮兩湖、帶湖、七閩、瓢泉四期，論述其反覆仕宦與落職的經歷，使其面對離別的心態產生如何影響。由理想的失落與時局的艱難，到放情山水的安慰，擺盪於仕宦與歸隱的人生抉擇，至晚年故交零落的悲涼。書寫手法方面，由形式至內容分為詞調、時空、對象三個面向來探索。第一，從稼軒離別詞常用的小令與長調分析聲律關係，檢視其表現的聲情。第二，切入探討離別的「時」與「地」要素，由詞調的音樂流動形式，推至文字的時空設計方式。第三，考究離別的「人」之要素，當面對不同的離別對象，其言情表現有何不同，如官場與私人餞送的差異、帶有禮儀性的創作與寓含詞人自身感懷的作品、面對男性與女性對象的用語區別等等。最後，回歸離別文學的脈絡，總結在情感與書寫手法上稼軒對前人的繼承與拓展之處。

This thesis examines the impact of Jia-Xuan’s parting ci(稼軒離別詞) on the inheritance and extension of the parting literature. The theme of parting has a long history in literature. With the development of parting literature, poets present not only personal sorrows when facing parting, but also group consciousness about life, era and political reflection. Born in the North under the ruling of the Jin Dynasty(金朝), Xin Qi-Ji(辛棄疾, c.1140-c.1207) turned southward to Song Dynasty(宋朝), living a wandering life for forty years. As a result, he wrote a lot of parting ci. My thesis aims to provide comprehensive exploration to his parting ci, including both emotions and writing techniques. It consists of three parts: Part I, “The Development of Parting Literature,” discusses the history of parting poetry from pre-Qin period(先秦時期) to the late Tang Dynasty(晚唐), and the rise of ci from the late Tang to the early Southern Song Dynasty(南宋). Part II, “The Emotions of Jia-Xuan’s Parting Ci,” following Part I, analyzes different attitudes when Xin Qi-Ji faced parting in each period of his life. Having political and ethnical ambitions in his early years, he tried to reorganize exhausted mind after dismissed from the government, but still struggled. Part III, “The Writing Techniques of Jia-Xuan’s Parting Ci,” investigates the organization of the words. Since ci is a kind of literature which combined music and words, at first I study the cipai(詞牌) which Xin Qi-Ji usually used when he faced parting. Then from form to content, I explore his time-space description in parting ci and examine how he expressed emotions to different people.