巴士站及寺廟懸浮微粒之粒徑分布與成分特性之研究

Abstract

背景：根據交通部與主計處民國96年統計，全台搭乘巴士人數約為1020百萬人次，寺廟信徒人數約968萬人，由此可知寺廟拜香及搭乘巴士的族群在台灣為數眾多；而拜香與柴油引擎經由燃燒會產生像是多環芳香烴化合物(PAHs)或金屬等等對人體有害的物質。台北地狹人稠，但是有關於台北地區巴士站及寺廟的微粒成分以及其粒徑分布資料尚嫌不足，且其暴露族群的健康效應亦尚待釐清。 目的：在台北的寺廟與巴士站進行空氣採樣進而了解兩地之懸浮微粒粒徑及其陳份特性之比較。 材料與方法：本次研究於艋舺龍山寺以及國光巴士台北西站進行各二十日的採樣，使用十階微孔均勻沉積衝擊採樣器(MOUDI)來進行空氣採樣，將其十階粒徑範圍分為PM1、PM1-2.5和PM2.5-10，經過秤重及前處理後，使用氣象層析質譜儀(GC/MS)分析美國環保署公告的16種PAHs和感應耦合電漿質譜儀(ICP/MS)來分析17種金屬，並利用因素分析(FA)界定現場的環境的主要汙染源為何，所有的統計分析都是由SAS統計軟體來進行，並使用Sigma Plot繪圖軟體製作圖表。 結果：在巴士站方面，質量濃度以PM1最高(36.59 ± 27.71) μg/m3，PAHs以及總金屬的濃度也是以PM1最高，分別為(74.82 ± 69.28) ng/m3、(114.51 ± 67.34)ng/m3，PAHs的主要成分是4-6 ring的PAH，金屬是則由Zn、Pb、Ni、Mn跟Cu為其主要成分。在寺廟方面，微粒質量濃度、PAHs及總金屬濃度也跟巴士站以PM1最高的結果相似，分別為(182.27 ± 61.47) μg/m3、(425.31 ± 312.48) ng/m3、(83.06 ± 63.21) ng/m3；PAHs以4-6 ring的PAH為主，金屬以Zn及Pb為主。 結論：本研究顯示寺廟與巴士站之懸浮微粒的粒徑分佈主要集中於較具危害性的PM1。而寺廟的PM1質量濃度遠高於巴士站，亦超出國內外法定24小時PM10的日平均空氣品質標準。此外，寺廟的PM1中PAHs的濃度值也遠高於巴士站。就總金屬濃度而言，寺廟與巴士站並無明顯差異。

Background：According to the data from Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC) and Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS) in 2007, the number of worshippers were 968 thousand, the times of taking bus were 1020 million person-time and. There are many people taking bus and using joss stick in bus staion and temple in Taiwan. Joss stick and diesel engine generate the hazardous materials by combustion, such as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal. Taipei is small city with highly populated, but the information of the particle size distribution and composition in temple and bus station in Taipei were very rare. And, the health effect of exposure from the temple and bus staion on population in Taipei is still unclear. Objective：By conducting the Air sampling in the temple and bus station in Taipei, we could clarify exposure scenario in both locations. Materials and methods：This study conducted air sampling separately in Lungshan temple and Kuo-Kuang bus station by ten-stage micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) for twenty days, and distinguished ten-stage into PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5-10. 16 PAHs listed by USEPA and 17 metal elements were analyzed by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP/MS), respectively. Inaddition, we use the Factor analysis (FA) to define the major source of PAHs and metals in both locations. All statistical analyses were undertaken by SAS software, and all figures were designed by Sigma Plot. Result：In the bus station, the highest mass concentration (36.59 ± 27.71) μg/m3 was found in PM1, and the highest concentration of PAHs and total metal, (74.82 ± 69.28) ng/m3、(114.51 ± 67.34)ng/m3 were also shown in PM1. Furthermore, 4-6 ring PAHs, Ni, Pb, Mn, Cu and Zn were the main component in the bus station. In the temple, it demonstrated similar results. Mass concentration, PAHs and total metal concentriaon all had the highest concentration in PM1, (182.27 ± 61.47) μg/m3, (425.31 ± 312.48) ng/m3 , and (83.06 ± 63.21) ng/m3, respectively. And, 4-6 ring PAHs, Zn and Pb were the main component in the temple. Conclusion：This study showed that the suspend particles of the temple and the bus station were concentrated in PM1, which is more hazardous than the other particle size. Besides, the PM1 mass concentration of the temple was higher than that of the bus staion, it was even over the 24-hours air quility standard of PM10. Inaddition, the PAHs concentration of PM1 in temple was higher than that of the bus stiaon. For the total metal concentration, there was no significant difference between two locations.