コーパスから伺える「やばい」の使用実態

Abstract

本論以探討原為「隱語」，但現在廣泛在日常生活中被使用的日文形容詞——「やばい」(yabai)之語意變遷、用法變遷以及使用傾向為研究目的。 爬梳先行研究後，本論決定採用新聞報紙語料庫——「ヨミダス歴史館」（Yomidas Rekishikan ）中所蒐集到的語料作為研究對象，並將語料庫涵括的時間（1974年至研究開始的2020年）以五年為單位切割，進行量化分析，以確認（1）「やばい」(yabai)的語意變遷、考察（2）「やばい」(yabai)的用法，利用新聞報紙的「公共性」，探討該形容詞是否已跳脫「隱語」的特性，被一般民眾所接受與使用。 分析結果得知：（1）「やばい」(yabai)在使用時能依據使用場合、狀態，而有負面意思和正面意思。兩者皆在新聞語料庫中有使用語例，但正面意思出現年代較晚，且目前仍以負面意思的使用為大宗。考慮到新聞報紙特有的「公共性」，顯示負面意思已超脫「隱語」的範疇，為一般人所接受並使用，而較晚延伸而出的正面意思則可推測正處於一般化的過程中。（2）「やばい」(yabai)的用法有三：形容詞的用法、感嘆詞的用法與副詞的用法，其中以形容詞的用法為最常使用者，感嘆詞為次，副詞最少，三者在新聞語料庫中的使用上皆有明顯的特徵。（3）綜觀語意與用法之數據，可得知無論正面或負面意思，皆以形容詞的用法為主；而形容詞的用法及感嘆詞的用法上多作為負面意思使用，但副詞的用法卻以正面意思為主。 本論以新聞語料庫為出發點，利用新聞報紙特有的「公共性」，考察該形容詞在一般社會上的使用狀態，並透過量化分析的方式，探討近千例的語例之數據傾向，期能為後世研究帶來些許啟發。

This study aimed to investigate the sematic change and the word usage change of the Japanese adjective—“yabai”, which was known as an argot used by the gangsters but now widely used in daily life by the general public, and also to clarify how people use it nowadays. By referring to precious works, this study used the corpus “Yomidas Rekishikan”, a digital archive covering the entire history of newspaper publishing in Japan, to collect articles include “yabai” as the research data, and separated the times of the data(1974~2020) with every 5 years. Those data found that used as the material for investigating (1) the sematic change, and (2)the word usage of “yabai”. The results are as follows: (1) “yabai” could mean positive or negative according to the different situations. Both of them could be found in the news, though the positive one had been shown later and the negative one is using by more people, it still can be proved that the negative “yabai” is no longer the argot anymore and the positive-“yabai” is now in the development process due to the commonality of newspapers. (2) “Yabai” could be used as 3 parts of speech: adjective, interjection, and adverb. Adjective is the most used one, interjection is the second and adverb is the last. All of them have significant difference of features in usage. (3) The negative and the positive “yabai” are both to be most used as an adjective; to the adjective and interjection of “yabai” are usually used with negative meanings but adverb are most comes with positive meanings.