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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 莊昀叡(Yun-Ruei Chuang) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Chin-Yi Lin | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 林靜儀 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-03-19T23:23:59Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2022-07-05 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2022 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2022-05-05 | |
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| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/85775 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 地形特徵是用來判釋構造活動區活動構造的重要工具，地形特徵可以記錄過去構造活動的痕跡，並可以用來推估構造活動的歷史。地形特徵判釋也有其限制，雖然近年來由於科技進步，有越來越多高解析度的數值高程模型（DEM），但快速的工業化和都市化也會使地形特徵可能會在現在的 DEM 中消失或被改變。因此，從歷史影像中我們可以看到未被都市發展改變的地形特徵。與傳統航空攝影測量相比，運動回復結構（Structure from Motion, SfM）技術需要的相機參數更少，適合應用在受到保存條件限制而使相機參數被改變的歷史航空影像，使用SfM技術由歷史航照片生成的DEM具有更高的空間解析度。因此，本研究旨在透過使用歷史航拍照片、SfM 技術和地面控制點製作高解析度 3D 模型來分析構造地形。 由於台灣位在聚合板塊邊界，構造地形的研究對於分析活動構造來說非常重要。新竹地區是台灣人口眾多的主要城市和高科技產業開發區（新竹科學園區），由於距離新竹斷層和新城兩個活動斷層非常接近，因此有可能會受到斷層活動的災害。本研究使用新竹地區的歷史航空影像（1973~1975年）與應用SfM技術的AgiSoft Metashape所產生的1 m DEM ，測繪新竹地區的頭前溪西岸的河階。透過DEM的地形特徵和定年資料，本研究將頭前溪河階群分為五階（LT1、LT2、LT3、FT1和FT2），並測繪出新竹斷層和新城斷層的構造崖與青草湖背斜的所在位置。最後透過將各階面構造崖崖高與定年資料比對分析，估計新竹頭前溪西岸地區的長期抬升速率約為每年1.12mm。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Geomorphic features are vital tools for identifying active structures in tectonically-active region, and they can record traces of past tectonic activities, which therefore can be used to estimate the history of active structures. One challenge for such analysis is that geomorphic features might be modified in present-day DEM data because of rapid industrialization and urbanization in recent years. Therefore, from historical photos, ones can see geomorphic features that had not been modified by the urban development. Compared with aerial photogrammetry, the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique requires fewer photo parameters, and the DEM generated by historical aerial photos with SfM technique has higher spatial resolution. Thus, this study aims to analyze tectonic geomorphology via generating high-resolution 3D model by using historical aerial photos, the SfM technique, and Ground Control Points. Because Taiwan is located at a rapid-convergent plate boundary, the study of tectonic geomorphology is very important for analyzing highly-deformed active structures. The Hsinchu area is one major city with a large population in Taiwan and a high-technological industry development area (Hsinchu Science Park), which is at risk of fault activities because it is located very close to two active faults: the Hsinchu fault and Hsincheng fault. In this research, I mapped and correlated terraces along the southern stretch of Touchien River, which is near these two faults in Hsinchu area, by using the SfM-generated DEM. Based on the SfM-generated DEM, I divided Touchien River Terraces into five classes (LT1, LT2, LT3, FT1, and FT2) and identified the anticline and the fault scarps of Hsinchu fault and Hsincheng fault. By adapting the dating results from previous studies and the height of fault scarps in each terrace, the estimated long-term uplift rate in Touchien River Terraces area is about 1.12 mm/year. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2023-03-19T23:23:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 U0001-2704202223262300.pdf: 16755266 bytes, checksum: 659fe49344815dee4a3f63a50ea66a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員審定書 ii 致謝 iii 摘要 iv Abstract v 目錄 vi 圖目錄 viii 表目錄 x 第一章 概論 1 1.1 研究背景 1 1.2 研究目的 6 第二章 文獻回顧 7 2.1 河流階地 7 2.2 活動構造與斷層 9 2.3 構造地形特徵 13 第三章 研究區域 17 3.1 地質背景 17 3.2 新竹地區大地測量 18 3.3 新竹斷層 21 3.4 新城斷層 21 3.5 頭前溪河階 22 3.5 新竹地區古地震事件 25 第四章 研究方法 27 4.1 研究流程 27 4.2 研究範圍 27 4.3 研究資料 28 4.3 地形模型建立 30 4.3.1 Structure from Motion with multi-view stereo 30 4.3.2 Agisoft Metashape 32 4.3.3 地面控制點(Ground Control Points) 34 4.3.4 修正地表建物高程 38 4.4 河階階面測繪 39 第五章 研究結果 43 5.1 頭前溪河階地區地形成果圖 43 5.2 頭前溪階面繪製成果 50 5.3 構造活動 58 5.3.1 新竹斷層與新城斷層構造崖 58 5.3.2 青草湖背斜 58 5.3.3 小尺度構造 61 第六章 討論 63 6.1 歷史航空影像建模於判釋地形特徵的應用 63 6.2 與前人研究結果比較 72 6.3 構造活動分析 73 6.4 河階與河道的地形歷史 76 第七章 結論 79 引用文獻 81 附錄1 歷史航空影像列表 88 圖1- 1. 台灣的地質構造環境(景國恩等人，2017)。 2 圖1- 2. 台灣44條孕震構造於未來50年之發震機率圖(Chan et al., 2020)。 3 圖1- 3. 新竹市區與新竹科學園區位置，以及新竹斷層與新城斷層位置圖（斷層資料來源為中央地質調查所2022年1/25,000台灣活動斷層分布圖）。 4 圖1- 4. 頭前溪河階過去與現在的正射影像和高程比較。 5 圖2- 1. 岩床河階(Aii)、沖積河階(Ai)、成對階地(Bi)和不成對階地(Bii)比較圖(Burbank and Anderson, 2011)。 8 圖2- 2. 台灣主要的陸上地震構造分布圖 (Shyu et al., 2020)。 11 圖2- 3. 2021年活動斷層分布圖（斷層資料來源：中央地質調查所臺灣活動斷層分布圖2021年版）。 12 圖2- 4. 斷層活動造成地形變動示意圖（日本活斷層研究會，1992）。 14 圖2- 5. 走向滑移斷層造成的斷頭河(Grapes and Wellman, 1993)。 15 圖2- 6. 河階的四種構造變形(改繪自Keller and Pinter, 2002)。 16 圖3- 1. 新竹頭前溪河階地區地質圖（改繪自經濟部中央地質調查所2013年地層與活動斷層分布圖）。 17 圖3- 2. 新竹頭前溪河階地區十萬分之一地質圖（改繪自1982年中國石油股份有限公司臺灣油礦探勘總處）。 18 圖3- 3. 相對S01R澎湖白沙站之GPS連續站水平年速度場（左圖）與垂直年速度場（右圖）（整合歷史資料至2020年9月）。 19 圖3- 4. 新竹地區水準測量線分布圖（改繪自陳冠榮，2020）。 20 圖3- 5. 新竹-五峰水準測量結果（陳冠榮，2020）。 20 圖3- 6. 新竹-峨嵋水準測量結果（陳冠榮，2020）。 21 圖3- 7. 頭前溪南岸新城斷層露頭（陳文山等人，2003）。 22 圖3- 8. 張瑞津等人(1999)測繪之頭前溪階地圖。 23 圖3- 9.張瑞津等人(2002)測繪之頭前溪河階。 23 圖3- 10. 陳文山等人(2003)測繪之頭前溪河階。 24 圖3- 11. Chen et al. (2004)測繪之頭前溪河階。 24 圖3- 12. 新城斷層截切頭前溪階地之露頭。(拍攝日期：2021/12/5) 25 圖3- 13. 新竹地區地震分布圖。(Chen et al., 2004) 26 圖4- 1. 研究流程圖。 27 圖4- 2. 研究範圍圖。 28 圖4- 3. 1973~1975年研究區域使用航照分布圖。 29 圖4- 4. 歷史航空影像範例。 29 圖4- 5. SfM示意圖 (Westoby et al., 2012)。 31 圖4- 6. SfM運作流程 (Iglhaut et al., 2019)。 32 圖4- 7. AgiSoft Metashape的密點雲範例圖。 34 圖4- 8. 地面控制點分布圖。 35 圖4- 9. 地面控制點設立示意圖。 36 圖4- 10. C2C法與C2M法示意圖。 37 圖4- 11. 5 m DEM與 20 m DEM高程相減結果圖。 38 圖4- 12. CSF演算法模型(修改自Zhang et al., 2016)。 39 圖4- 13. 相同地點於不同地形圖呈現之效果（陳振宇，2021）。 40 圖4- 14. 同一地點不同角度的光源製成的陰影圖。 40 圖4- 15. 紅色立體地圖製作概念(赤色立体地図: https://www.rrim.jp/)。 41 圖4- 16. CS立體地圖製作原理（戸田堅一郎，2012）。 42 圖5- 1. 數值地表模型圖。 43 圖5- 2. 正射影像結果圖。 44 圖5- 3. 控制點與檢核點誤差垂直誤差分布圖。 46 圖5- 4. 數值高程模型結果。 47 圖5- 5. DSM和去除了建物和樹木的DEM高程比較。 47 圖5- 6. 分層設色圖與陰影圖疊圖結果。 48 圖5- 7. 分層設色圖、陰影圖、等高線圖疊圖結果。 48 圖5- 8. 使用QGIS擴充程式製作出的CS立體地圖。 49 圖5- 9. 使用QGIS製作出的紅色立體地圖 49 圖5- 10. 結合陰影圖的3D地形圖，垂直放大倍率為8倍。 50 圖5- 11 透過紅色立體地圖所描繪出的階地邊界。 51 圖5- 12. QGIS擴充程式Terrain Profile Plugin應用範例。 51 圖5- 13. 頭前溪河階階面測繪結果圖。 52 圖5- 14. 頭前溪河階階面傾向圖。 52 圖5- 15. 3D地形圖結果與河階測繪結果疊圖。 53 圖5- 16. 頭前溪河階橫剖面位置圖。 54 圖5- 17. 河階橫剖面線結果圖。 55 圖5- 18. 河階縱剖面線分布圖。 56 圖5- 19. 河階縱剖面線結果圖。 57 圖5- 20. 測繪斷層所在位置圖。 58 圖5- 21. 四條剖面線與震測剖面線。 59 圖5- 22. 震測剖面位置(圖5-20之紅線)的地下構造(Chiu, 1971)和地表地形。 59 圖5- 23. 青草湖背斜剖面線結果。 60 圖5- 24. 青草湖背斜測繪位置圖。 61 圖5- 25. 小尺度地形剖面線分布圖。 62 圖5- 26. 小尺度地形剖面線。 62 圖6- 1. 5公尺(上)、30公尺(中)與SfM產製之1公尺(下)DEM比較圖。 64 圖6- 2. 頭前溪南岸河階地區的河階和構造分布結果圖。 65 圖6- 3. 歷史航照解析度示意圖（影像編號：62-0.17-0008，拍攝於民國62年10月24日）。 66 圖6- 4. SfM與歷史影像產製的密點雲的來源影像數量。 66 圖6- 5. 歷史航照光線差異示意圖。 67 圖6- 6. 拼接錯誤的正射影像示意圖。 68 圖6- 7. 連接點設立示意圖。 68 圖6- 8. 具有光線差異的歷史航照製成正射影像。 69 圖6- 9. 連接點設置分布圖。 69 圖6- 10. 地面控制點設置限制區。 70 圖6- 11. 地面控制點設置限制案例。 71 圖6- 12. GCP02設置範例。 72 圖6- 13. 頭前溪河階與前人比較差異處。 73 圖6- 14. 受到斷層截切的河階地形演育示意圖。 74 圖6- 15. 頭前溪河階相關定年結果。 74 圖6- 16. 頭前溪河階示意圖。 77 圖6- 17. 河谷分布圖。 77 圖6- 18. 河階與河谷分布圖。 78 表1- 1. 活動斷層反映的地形構造與其特徵（石再添，1982）。 14 表4- 1. 地面控制點（GCP）座標。 35 表4- 2. 檢核點（CP）座標 36 表5- 1. 控制點座標與誤差。 44 表5- 2. 檢核點座標與誤差。 45 | |
| dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
| dc.subject | 斷層崖 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 地形特徵測繪 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 地形特徵 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 河階 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | Structure from Motion | en |
| dc.subject | fault scarp | en |
| dc.subject | fluvial terrace | en |
| dc.subject | active structure map | en |
| dc.subject | active fault | en |
| dc.title | 利用歷史航空影像與運動回復結構分析新竹地區構造地形 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Tectonic geomorphology analysis in Hsinchu area by using historical aerial photos and SfM technique | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 110-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 徐澔德(J-Bruce-H Shyu),詹瑜璋(Yu-Chang Chan),郭昱廷(Yu-Ting Kuo),何立德(Lih-Der Ho) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 河階,斷層崖,地形特徵,地形特徵測繪, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | active fault,active structure map,Structure from Motion,fluvial terrace,fault scarp, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 94 | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202200730 | |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2022-05-05 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 理學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 地理環境資源學研究所 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.embargo-lift | 2022-07-05 | - |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 地理環境資源學系 | |
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