碳排議題下地方政府針對不同廢棄物處理方式之搭配與選擇

Abstract

近年來隨著人口增長和消費模式改變，城市固體廢棄物(Municipal Solid Waste, MSW)數量快速增加，但舊有焚化廠日漸老舊，台灣許多城市因為垃圾處理能量不足開始出現垃圾堆置現象。同時因為日益增長的環境意識和減少溫室氣體排放的需要，我國政府正努力減少溫室氣體排放，以跟隨國際間對抗暖化的共識。就地方政府而言，在制定廢棄物處理政策時，也面臨減少碳排放的壓力。緣上，本研究旨在探討縣市地方政府針對不同廢棄物處理方式之搭配與選擇，由於桃園市是我國垃圾堆置量最高的縣市，因此本研究以桃園地區做為案例，首先收集該地區需要處理的城市廢棄物資訊，包括廢棄物處理方法、成本、碳排放量等現狀和數據，而後建立廢棄物處理模型，透過不同廢棄物處理方式的設定，對現有及未來政策影響下可能會出現的各種方式進行評估，並探討碳定價、能源議題等不同因素對評估結果的影響，期能滿足廢棄物處理需求的同時，減少溫室氣體排放。本研究結果顯示，僅實施廢棄物減量與分類，不足以解決垃圾處理量能不足的問題，而掩埋場不足委外處理的代價也十分高昂，除既有垃圾焚燒廠外，增設厭氧消化場與熱處理發電廠既能獲得經濟收益，也能減少碳排放量，並增加廢棄物妥善處理率。敏感度分析結果顯示，廢棄物成長率與躉購費率是影響淨收益的兩大因素。廢棄物成長率的正確估計並不容易，處理量能不足的代價也十分巨大，基於保守原則，並考慮多餘量能能幫其他縣市處理廢棄物而獲得收入，建議在新建垃圾焚燒廠時，考慮估計所得之最大廢棄物量，讓爾後廠房運轉不至於過度緊繃。

In recent years, with the growth of population and changes in consumption patterns, the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) in cities has increased rapidly, but the existing incineration plants are gradually aging, and many cities in Taiwan have begun to face problems of insufficient waste disposal capacity. At the same time, due to the increasing environmental awareness and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the government is also working hard to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to cope with the problem of global warming. For local governments, when formulating waste disposal policies, they are also under pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the matching and selection of different waste disposal methods by local governments under the current situation mentioned above. Because Taoyuan City is the county with the highest amount of garbage landfilling in our country, this study uses Taoyuan as a case study. First, the information of MSW that needs to be treated in the region is collected and evaluated, including waste disposal methods, costs, carbon emissions, etc. Not only the status and data of the present but also the potentially to be policy in the future are evaluated. The impacts of carbon pricing, energy issues, etc. on the evaluation results are investigated in particular to meet the needs of waste disposal and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The results of this study show that the implementation of waste reduction and classification is not enough to solve the problem of insufficient waste disposal capacity, and the cost of outsourcing treatment of insufficient landfills is very high. Other than the existing incineration plants, the addition of anaerobic digestion plants and thermal power plants can not only generate economic benefits, but also reduce carbon emissions and increase the rate of proper waste disposal. Sensitivity analysis shows that the growth rate of waste and the rate of purchase are the two major factors affecting the net income resulting from waste treatment. It is not easy to accurately estimate the growth rate of waste, and the cost of insufficient disposal capacity is also very huge. Based on the principle of conservatism, and considering the surplus capacity to help other counties process waste and generate income, it is recommended that when building a new incineration plant, the maximum amount of waste disposal capacity should be considered to prevent the operation of the plant from being too tight in the future.