中日古代女性愛情詩歌之比較研究—以《萬葉集》《全唐詩》為中心

Abstract

“愛情”被認為是日本古典文學之中心題材。日本最早的和歌集《萬葉集》中收錄了約4500首和歌，歌詠男女戀情之戀歌占將近四成之分量，而其中又有140餘首戀歌出自於女流歌人之手。女歌人所詠之戀歌與男性歌人相比，雖在數量上略遜一籌，但也絕非少有。 另一方面，由於中國古代社會之結構中心偏於男性，主導學問和詩文領域的是男性知識階級，而女性居於附屬地位，其才華受到忽視與限制，所以人們常常認為現存之中國古典文學中鮮有女性所詠詩歌。除此之外，中國古典詩中缺乏抒寫異性戀情之作這一特點也被普遍承認。但是，於清代成書的《全唐詩》中卻收錄了140餘位女性詩人之佳作，其中關於男女戀情的詩有近100首。 也就是說，無論地域，兩國的古代女性都曾以詩歌的方式來描繪過自己的愛情。 那麼在詩歌中，日本女歌人和中國女詩人是如何表達她們各自的愛情與戀慕之情？同樣作為女性，兩國女歌（詩）人所吟詠的愛慕之情又是否一致？ 本研究冀以《萬葉集》與《全唐詩》中女性作者所詠之愛情詩歌為中心，透過檢討作品內容及修辭表現等方面，以推衍中日古典文學中女性愛情詩歌之差異。首先藉由《古事記》和《日本書紀》、《風土記》、《禮記》等歷史文獻，探討古代中日兩國愛情之實態。再將同樣吟詠因愛情而感受到傷慟這一主題的女性詩歌進行比較，釐清兩者之異同。最後透過分析女性詩歌中的時間性表現、聽覺上的表現以及有關信仰方面的表現，來闡明兩者修辭表現上的共性或各自特征。

Love is considered a central theme in Japanese classical literature. “Manyoshu”, which is the oldest extant collection of Japanese waka, contains about 4,500 waka poems, and nearly 40% are songs about love between men and women. Significantly, more than 140 of these love waka poems are written by female poets. The number of love waka poems written by female poets is less than that of male poets, but it is by no means low. Meanwhile, the situation of Chinese classical literature is different. Since the central structure of Chinese ancient society was biased towards men, it was male intellectuals who dominated the fields of scholarship and poetry. Women were kept in a subordinate position and their talents were neglected, so it is often thought that extant classical Chinese poems written by women are few. In addition, it is also widely acknowledged that there is a lack of poems describing the love between males and females. However, “Quan Tangshi”, which was commissioned at the direction of the Qing dynasty Kangxi Emperor, contains poems written by more than 140 female poets, including nearly 100 poems about the love between men and women. In other words, both women living in the Manyo period and in the Tang dynasty have expressed their love and emotions by writing poems, regardless of region and country. Then how do Japanese and Chinese female poets describe their love and express their admiration in poetry? And as fellow women, did they write about the same emotions in poetry? To solve these problems, this thesis intends to focus on the love poems of women collected in “Manyoshu” and “Quan Tangshi”, and dissect the content and rhetorical expression of those poems to figure out the difference between women's love poems in Japanese and Chinese classical literature. The thesis begins by analyzing historical documents such as “Kojiki”, “Nihon Shoki”, “Fudoki”, and “Liji(The Book of Rites)” to find out the real state of love in ancient Japan and China. Then compare the women’s poems that write about the same theme of grief caused by love, and the similarities and differences will be clarified. Finally, understand the commonalities and differences of rhetorical expression in ancient women's poems by examining the temporal expressions, auditory expressions, and religious expressions.