曽我事件をめぐる諸論点 ―歴史学視点による『眞名本曽我物語』の検討―

Abstract

「曾我事件」是日本歷史上的三大敵討事件之一。«曾我物語»也是三大敵討物語中，唯一以孝為名的復仇，經後世的謠曲、淨琉璃、歌舞伎、狂言、小說等文藝改編，更增添了其為父報仇的快感與英年早逝的悲壯感，而成為膾炙人口的美談。 關於«曾我物語»的研究，主要限定於文學史、藝能史及民俗學的分野，歷史觀點的考察仍有待突破。曾我事件發生於源賴朝體制的變革與禁止鬥爭殺傷的年代，然討伐父親的敵人工藤祐經之時，造成多數的死傷「十番切」，觸發了後續一連串武將間的抗爭事件。因此，與北條時政有烏帽子親的曾我兄弟美其名為父報仇，實則背後有暗殺日本鎌倉幕府首任征夷大將軍源賴朝的「北條時政黑幕說」之說，另一說則為反抗源賴朝、北條時政的「武士團的政變」之政治陰謀論。 本論文以歷史學的視點考察«曾我物語»中曾我兄弟敵討的真相。透過歷史書«吾妻鏡»與«曾我物語»交叉分析曾我兄弟敵討的史實與虛構之部分，釐清其事件之前因後果。再者，探討«曾我物語»中敵討與訴訟之人物，伊豆的奧野的狩場、三原・赤城・那須野的狩場、富士野的券狩之敵討的三個狩場制度轉換以及建久四年的體制，明白當時社會背景與忠孝觀價值理念。最後，以史料文獻來分析「北條時政黑幕說」，並檢討曾我事件發生後的«吾妻鏡»建久四年六月五日到二十二日的記錄，解析常陸國八田知家與多氣義幹的政變、源賴朝胞弟源範賴政變與垮台、遭受清算而出家的大庭景義與岡崎義實，進而釐清«曾我物語»曾我事件的政治陰謀論。 透過以上考察，結果顯示，無有力史料佐證「北條時政黑幕說」是曾我兄弟孝行復仇的背後勢力。源賴朝，北條時政、八田知家的確藉由曾我事件，使多氣義幹垮臺、梟首下妻弘幹，來屏除常陸平氏的勢力，然而，多氣義幹、北條時政與曾我兄弟三方之間並無直接相關聯。源範賴政變則是以曾我事件為契機的派生事件。以大庭景義與岡崎義實為首與北條時政之間的相模・伊豆御家人政治權力鬥爭，亦或是兩人為廢除源賴朝，擁立源範賴而發動的政變未遂說，是將曾我事件強行牽扯於政治陰謀論。曾我兄弟非御家人的身分提起訴訟能被受理微乎其微，其祖父又為源賴朝的仇敵，且工藤祐經當時為源賴朝的重臣，曾我兄弟不以訴訟方式為父伸冤，而選擇潛入源賴朝誇示政治權力及視察北關東情勢的富士野的狩場，刺殺工藤祐經實為無奈的結果。

The 'Soga Incident' is one of the three major revenge events in Japanese history. Besides, “The Revenge of the Soga Brothers” is also the only revenge in the name of filial piety among the three major revenge stories. It has been adapted by literary and artistic adaptations such as ballads, joruri, kabuki, Kyogen, and novels of later generations. The tragic of young brothers fight for filial piety till their death has become a well-known and beautiful talk. The previous research on ' The Revenge of the Soga Brothers ' was mainly focused on literature, art and folklore, but not in historical point of views. “The Soga incident” was occurred in the era of the reform of the Minamoto no Yoritomo's system which is Japan started to have policies to strongly prohibits fighting and killing. However, when the crusade against his father's enemy, Kudō Suketsune, the casualties soga brother caused, which was also known as 'Juban Kiri', which triggered a series of subsequent confrontations between gokenin. Based on the incidents, historians in nowadays deliver 'the shady theory of Hojo Tokimasa ' that justify because Soga brothers’ eboshi-oya were Hōjō Tokimasa. Hōjō Tokimasa was the one behind this and the true incentive was to assassinate the first general of the Kamakura Shogunate, Minamoto no Yoritomo. There is also other theory 'coup of the samurai group', a political conspiracy theory, that says to resist Minamoto no Yoritomo and Hojo Tokimasa, a group of gokenin form a resistance to try to assassinate Minamoto no Yoritomo and Hojo Tokimasa. This thesis will examines the incidents “The Revenge of the Soga Brothers ' and the story “Soga Monogatari' once again from a historical point of view by using historical books «Azuma Kagami» to differentiate historical facts from fictional parts of the story. Furthermore, this paper will also examine the characters from 'Soga Monogatari', and the representation of the political background, three hunting grounds izu kariba hunting ground, Mihara Akagi nasuno hunting ground and Fujino hunting ground. Lastly, analyzes the follow up incidents, 'the theory of the shady history of Hojo tokimasa' with historical documents, and review the incidents of “coup of Dakki yoshimiki” ,“ The fall of the Minamoto no Noriyori” and “Kageyoshi Oba and Yoshizane Okazaki who were forced to be monk”, to clarify the political conspiracy theory of the Soga Brothers. In conclusion, there was no strong historical evidence to prove that 'Hōjō Tokimasa” is the one who was behind “The Revenge of the Soga Brothers”. And, Minamoto no Yoritomo, Hatsuta Tomoie, did use the incident to brought down Dakki yoshimiki. However, there was not an evidence shows that Minamoto no Yoritomo, Hatsuta Tomoie has a connection with the soga brothers. Also, “The down fall of Minamoto no Noriyori” was a derivative event of The Revenge of the Soga Brothers incident but only was a coincidence, and that is the same for “Kageyoshi Oba and Yoshizane Okazaki who were force to be monk”. These incidents have nothing to do with soga brothers, just theorist force them to be. Besides, Considering that it is basically impossible for these civilian young soga brothers to legally take down the enemy of their father, Kudō Suketsune, who was also an important rule of Minamoto no Yoritomo. Infiltrate the hunting ground and assassinate Kudō Suketsune might be the only way for the soga brothers to bring justice to their father.