應用自發性地理資訊探勘河流環境對遊憩使用之影響

Abstract

近年來，歐盟委員會BlueHealth計畫，將藍色空間視為一種促進活動使用的環境。相關研究更顯示，在溪流環境作為民眾多元化活動使用的空間，且成為當今國民重要的休閒遊憩場所。從宏觀層面，根據遊憩機會序列(Recreation Opportunity Spectrum, ROS)顯示環境由開發程度高到低，使用者活動類型會隨著環境需求的不同，而產生不一樣的遊憩體驗。以微觀層面，根據支應性理論(affordance theory)說明隨環境屬性的變化，使用者也會跟著改變使用行為，而促成不同的遊憩使用強度。臺灣隸屬島嶼型的國家，島內受到地勢影響，密佈眾多河川、溪流，甚比國外擁有多元型態的環境。然而，過去研究多數僅針對單一個河流河段進行調查，鮮少有研究探討整條溪流環境對遊憩使用之影響；於方法上，過去主要透過問卷、訪談與觀察法等方式進行資料蒐集，除人力與時間成本高外，並無法精準掌握每位使用者所處的環境，更無法瞭解使用者所分佈之環境類型與其活動類型。自發性地理資訊(Volunteered Geographic Information, VGI)為即時能獲取到使用者的空間數據。因此，本研究將應用自發性地理資訊獲取臺灣溪流環境中所有的使用者空間資訊，研究共分為兩階段來執行。第一階段，從宏觀角度探討不同溪流提供之遊憩機會序列。第二階段，以微觀角度探討溪流環境屬性所支應之遊憩使用。 研究資料透過開放API數據集收集Flickr社群媒體網站2012年01月至2021年12月間，位在經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所(2020)提供之河川範圍內具有精確地理標籤。研究第一階段，首先獲取臺灣最熱門的河流，分別為基隆河、淡水河、新店溪與大漢溪。接續，將熱門河流內之使用者空間資訊進行空間密度聚集分析(DBSCAN)，共獲得112個群集，最終以此作為本研究的熱門遊憩點，同時亦為研究樣本。另外，依據經濟部河川局之分類，將河段分為資源保育河段、自然利用河段與人工經營河段這三種環境，再對應使用者照片內容分析而獲取溪流環境的遊憩機會序列。第二階段，應變項為遊憩熱點內的打卡數量；自變項則為河流縱斷面（坡度、海拔）、河流橫斷面（喬灌木、草坪、人工設施、水域、河岸裸露地）及水物理特性（水溫、汙染水質），並進一步透過多元迴歸分析(Multiple regression analysis)評估變項間的關係。 第一階段研究結果顯示，溪流環境之自然利用河段形成的遊憩熱點最多。三種河段性質內的活動類型，在水上活動以靜態休閒為主，如乘船、走吊橋、戲水等；陸域活動則以休閒為主，如跑步、散步、參觀活動等，其中於自然河段又有體能型活動出現，如踢足球、打棒球、溜直排輪。然而，在觀賞活動當中，主要是拍攝人物、設施物與河流為主，而於自然河段與人工經營河段會觀賞夕陽與夜景。第二階段研究結果顯示，喬木與灌木、河岸裸露地以及人工設施此三個變項對遊憩使用數量有正相關的影響(R2=0.71)。整體而言，溪流環境遊憩使用上最關鍵的因素為河流周旁的土地面積，而且根據遊憩機會序列表亦說明使用者活動類型仍以陸域活動為主，且三種河段上均出現不同性質活動的變化。因此，顯示當今溪流廊道空間確實已轉變成休憩空間與觀光的景點，然而在未來溪流環境規劃時，則需特別重視溪流周的土地規劃利用。

In recent years,the European Commission's BlueHealth program has seen blue space as an environment that promotes the use of activities. Related research have shown that the stream environment is used as a space for the various acivities of the people, and has become an important leisure and recreation place for the people.From a macro point of view, according to the sequence of recreation opportunities, the environment is displayed from high to low, and the type of user activity will supply different recreation experiences depending on the needs of the environment. From a microcosmic point of view, according to the theory of affordance, with the change of environmental attributes, users will also change their behavior, which will promote different recreational use intensities.Taiwan belongs to the island type of country, the island is affected by the terrain, densely coverd with many rivers, streams, and even more than a foreign country has a multiple environment. However, most of the previous studies have been conducted on a single river, and few studies have explored the impact of the entire stream environment on recreational use. In the past of research methods, data collection was mainly carried out through questionnaires, interviews and observation methods that has caused high cost of manpower and time, it was impossible to accurately grasp the environment of each user, let alone understand the type of environment distributed by users and the type of activity. Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) provides real-time access to the user's spatial data.Therefore, this study will apply volunteered geographic information to obtain all user spatial information in the stream environment in Taiwan, and the study will be carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the sequence of recreation opportunities provided by different streams is explored from a macro perspective. In the second stage, the recreational use of streams supported by the environmental properties of streams is explored from a microscopic perspective. Research data collected through an open API dataset on flickr social media between January 2012 and December 2021, with precise geotagging within the river provided by the Water Resources Planning Institute,WRA (2020). In the first phase of the study, the most popular rivers in Taiwan were first obtained, namely the Keelung River, the Tamsui River, the Xindian Creek and the Great Han Creek. Subsequently, the spatial density aggregation analysis of user spatial information in popular rivers was carried out, and a total of 112 clusters were obtained, which were finally used as popular recreation points for this study, and also as a research sample. In addition, according to the classification of the Water Resources Agency of the Ministry of Economy, the river section is divided into three environments: resource conservation section, natural utilization section and artificial operation section, and then the recreation opportunity sequence of the stream environment is obtained according to the analysis of the user photo content. In the second stage, the strain item is the number of punch cards in the recreation hotspot; The autovariths are the river profile, such as slope, elevation. River cross-section, such as trees, lawns, artificial facilities, waters, bare ground.Water physics, such as water temperature, polluted water quality. And the relationship between the variants is further evaluated by multiple regression analysis. The results of the first phase of the study show that the natural use of the stream environment forms the most recreational hotspots. Three types of activities within the nature of the river section, in the water activities are mainly static leisure, such as boat rides, suspension bridges, water play, etc.; Land activities are mainly leisure, such as running, walking, visiting activities, etc., of which there are physical activities in the natural river section, such as playing football, playing baseball, and skating in a row. However, in the viewing activities, the main photography is people, facilities and rivers, but in the natural river section and the artificial river section, the sunset and night scenery will be enjoyed. The results of the second phase of the study showed that the three variants of trees and shrubs, bare ground and artificial facilities had a positive correlation on the number of recreational use (R2=0.71). Overall, the most critical factor in the recreational use of the stream environment is the land area around the river, and according to the sequence of recreation opportunities, it is also indicated that the type of user activity is still dominated by land activities, and there are changes in activities of different natures on the three river sections. Therefore, it shows that today's stream corridor space has indeed been transformed into a recreational space and sightseeing attraction, but in the future stream environmental planning, special attention needs to be paid to the land planning and utilization of the stream week.