大學里可食地景適用植物與配置方式之改進

Abstract

可食地景有著提供食物與美化環境兩大功能，城市中設置可食地景除了可以提供居民健康的食物，對社區凝聚力、社區環境都有改善作用。台灣近年興建了大量的可食地景區，部分興建之可食地景區常因疏於管理、植栽選擇不當等導致植栽枯萎或顔色單一等問題，影響到可食地景之美觀性和實用性。另外，在臺北地區的可食地景，常在設置時偏重於食物種植的功能、而缺乏美觀設計概念，未能完全發揮出可食地景的全盤功能。「快樂農園」為臺北地區重要的可食地景種類之一，是民眾日常接觸的可食地景。因此本研究希望透過一系列之調查與記錄，了解可食地景在植物栽種上和設計規劃上所遇到的難題已提出解決之道。 研究選擇了臺北地區設置一到三年，共35處可食地景調查其植物種類、生長狀況、物種變化及顔色構成。依據植物生長狀況及覆蓋率，為每一種植物作出評分；分為優異(80分以上)、中等(80-60分)及差(60分以下)。結果顯示，35處可食地景中共使用了93種不同植物物種，分別為7種可食觀花植物、15種可食觀葉植物、9種可食觀果植物、41種其他可食植物及21種景觀植物。其中，72種可食用植物中最常用的可食植物有：芳香萬壽菊(Tagetes lemmonii)、迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)、紫蘇(Perilla frutescens)、薄荷(Mentha spicata)、九層塔(Ocimum basilicum)、甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)、香蘭葉(Pandanus amaryllifolius)、到手香(Plectranthus amboinicus)、甜菊(Stevia rebaudiana)及紅鳳菜(Gynura bicolor)。當中芳香萬壽菊、甘薯、到手香及香蘭葉生長勢力及覆蓋率優良、甚少病蟲害，為優異的可食植物；紫蘇、紅鳳菜、九層塔及甜菊生長勢在不同可食地景中不一，需每年更換、或需要較多維護管理，為中等的可食植物；迷迭香及薄荷生長勢覆蓋率不佳、多處被移除，為在臺北市表現較差的可食植物。72種可食植物之生長變化調查結果顯示，可食地景在建造一年後、二年後、三年後顔色比例與物種數雖無顯著差異，但存在物種更替之現象。而在建造一年後、二年後、三年後，最初所使用的植物種類數分別減少21.42％、39.99%、63.13%，可見經常維護之重要性。 實地記錄臺北市大安區大學里中現有之可食地景「快樂農園」中，對整體景觀美質構成影響的因素，並針對每項問題提出對策處理，可歸類成三大類型：景觀規劃、軟景觀(植栽佈置)及硬景觀(設施佈置)。且對民眾發放問卷，以評估民眾對前部分所提出之景觀元素喜好程度，為隨後之實地改造提供景觀元素之應用依據。基地調查結果顯示，大學里快樂農園中存在規劃不當、整體彩度不足、空窗期裸土、植栽盆器雜亂、不良景觀等各種問題。在提出解決方案後，透過對民眾發放問卷了解一般大眾對解決方案中提出之景觀元素之偏好。在設計意念方面，調查結果顯示民眾偏好有機曲線規劃(80%)、受遮蓋的結構(66%)、地景前排造景(77%)；在硬件設計方面民眾偏好以碎石作為地景中走道鋪面(56%)、使用白色碎石(88%)及陶色的植栽盆(52%)；在植栽設計方面，非食用的前排造景大部分受訪者認為具彩色(91%)較好、而食用部分則以50%紅50%綠的顔色比例較多(49%)。 為了改善大學里現有可食地景「快樂農園」之景觀美質問題、提升景觀價值，問卷在分析過後即對該可食地景進行景觀改造，並在改造後以問卷的方式確認改造的成效。同時為了解在現有之可食地景「快樂農園」的改造中所選用之長期及短期可食植物於栽種後之生長表現，以及社區農園使用者對替換死亡植物、採收等日常維護管理行為，進行為期4個月的改造後追蹤，記錄了植物更換或收成的時間，以及色彩變化。結果顯示，「快樂農園」中三受測區域(入口區、AB區及C區)之喜愛度均有增長，入口區、AB區及C區的喜好度分別增加29.5%、59.4%及71.2%，當中C區之增長最多。另外雖然喜好度的增幅可能被不同背景所影響，但在不同可食地景的使用頻度及性別中，三處受測區域喜好度的增幅無明顯差異存在。在改造後維持度調查方面，調查結果顯示在開始種植一周後已有植物死亡，而在三周後植物存活數則急速下降。在綠色蔬菜中，存活率最高依次為鹿角萵苣(Lactuca sativa L.)、西洋芹(Apium graveolens var. dulce) 、紅葱頭(Allium ascalonicum)、甘藍(Brassica oleracea)及茼蒿(Glebionis coronaria)。在紅色蔬菜中，存活率最高依次為紫甘藍(Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra)、根甜菜(Beta vulgaris)、紅九層塔(Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora)、紅拔葉萵苣(Lactuca sativa L.)及紅卷萵苣(Lactuca sativa L.)；另外為了增加「快樂農園」景觀價值而栽種之14種框景植物中，美女櫻(Verbena Hybrida)、斑葉到手香(Plectranthus amboinicus 'Variegata')、馬齒莧(Portulaca oleracea)、迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)、三爪金龍(Euodia ridleyi)、斑葉春不老(Ardisia squamulosa 'Variegata')、火鶴花(Anthurium andraeanum)、黛粉葉(Dieffenbachia seguine)、粗肋草“斑馬”(Aglaonema spp.)、星點木(Dracaena surculosa)、斑葉鳳梨薄荷(Mentha suaveolens 'Variegata')生長勢良好；小黃菊(Chrysanthemum indicum L.)及“紅龍”粗肋草(Aglaonema spp.)部分枝葉枯萎，生長勢一般；斑葉辣薄荷(Mentha × piperita L. ‘Variegata’)過半葉子掉落，生長勢差。而A區、B區及C區所栽種之植物顔色比例亦由75%、25%及50%下降至14%、6%及25%，可見沒有適當維護管理之下短期可食地景很快就喪失彩度。

Edible landscape has two functions: providing food and beautifying the environment. Setting up the edible landscape in the city can not only provide healthy food for residents, but also improve the cohesion of the community and the community environment. Taiwan has constructed a large number of edible landscapes in recent years, and some of the edible landscapes have poorly performed plants. Often, due to negligence of management and improper plant selection, plant wilting or single color problems affect the edible landscape. The beauty and practicality of the scene. In addition, the edible landscapes in the Taipei area are often set with emphasis on the function of food planting, but lack the aesthetic design concept, and fail to fully exert the important functions of the edible landscapes. Community farm is one of the most important types of edible landscapes in the Taipei area. It is the edible landscapes that people are exposed to everyday. Therefore, this study hopes to understand the difficulties encountered in planting and design planning of edible landscape through a series of investigations and records. The study selected 35 edible landscapes in the Taipei area for one to three years to investigate the plant species, growth status, species changes and color composition. According to the plant growth status and coverage, each plant is scored, divided into excellent (above 80 points), moderate (80-60 points) and poor (60 points or less). The results showed that a total of 93 different plant species were used in the 35 edible landscapes, namely 7 edible ornamental plants, 15 edible ornamental plants, 9 edible ornamental plants, 41 edible plants and 21 kinds of landscape plants. Among the most commonly used edible plants are: Tagetes lemmonii, Rosmarinus officinalis, Perilla frutescens, Mentha spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Ipomoea batatas, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Plectranthus amboinicus, Stevia rebaudiana and Gynura bicolor. The results of the species change survey show that although there is no significant difference between the three groups in the color ratio and the number of species, there is a phenomenon of species replacement. The edible landscape is used in the first year, two years, three years after the construction of the original plant species The numbers were reduced by 21.42%, 39.99%, and 63.13% respectively, showing the importance of frequent maintenance. Through field visits, the experiment recorded the factors that affect the overall landscape beauty in the existing Happy Farm in the university, and proposed countermeasures for each problem, which can be categorized into three major types: landscape planning, soft landscape and hard landscape elements. Questionnaires are distributed to the public to assess the public's preference for the landscape elements mentioned in the previous section, and to provide a basis for the application of landscape elements for subsequent field transformation. The survey results of the base show that there are various problems in the Happy Farm in the university, such as improper planning, insufficient overall chroma, bare soil in the window period, messy planting pots, and bad landscape. After proposing a solution, understand the general public's preference for the landscape elements proposed in the solution by issuing a questionnaire to the public. In terms of design ideas, the survey results show that people prefer organic curve planning (80%), covered structures (66%), landscape front-row landscaping (77%); in terms of hardware design, people prefer gravel as the landscape Middle walkway paving (56%), white gravel (88%) and potted plant pots (52%); in terms of planting design, the majority of respondents in non-edible front-line landscaping considered it to be colored ( 91%) is better, while the edible portion is more colored in 50% red and 50% green (49%). In order to improve the existing landscape beauty problems of the community farm in the university and enhance the landscape value, the questionnaire will carry out landscape transformation on the edible landscape after analysis, and after the transformation, the questionnaire will be used to confirm the effectiveness of the transformation. At the same time, in order to understand the growth performance of the long-term and short-term edible plants selected after the planting in the reconstruction of the happy farm in the university, and the daily maintenance and management actions of the community farm users on the replacement of dead plants, harvesting, etc., for a period of 4 months Tracking after the transformation, recording the time of plant replacement or harvest, and color changes. The survey results show that the three test areas have increased in popularity, with the entrance area, AB area, and C area showing an increase of 29.5%, 59.4%, and 71.2%, respectively, with the largest increase in area C. In terms of the maintenance survey after the transformation, the survey results showed that the plants died within one week after the planting started, and the number of plant survival declined rapidly after three weeks. The color ratio of plants planted in Zones A, B, and C has also dropped from 75%, 25%, and 50% to 14%, 6%, and 25%.