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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位值語言
dc.contributor.advisor王根樹(Gen-Shuh Wang)
dc.contributor.authorChih-Wei Paien
dc.contributor.author白智維zh_TW
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-24T03:06:42Z-
dc.date.available2022-02-15
dc.date.available2022-11-24T03:06:42Z-
dc.date.copyright2022-02-15
dc.date.issued2022
dc.date.submitted2022-02-11
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Hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)–classification, diagnosis and management: Review of the EAACI/ENDA# and GA2LEN/HANNA. Allergy 66:818-829. Kowalski ML, Asero R, Bavbek S, Blanca M, Blanca‐Lopez N, Bochenek G, et al. 2013. Classification and practical approach to the diagnosis and management of hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Allergy 68:1219-1232. Kuhl H. 2005. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: Influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric 8:3-63. Kunisue T, Chen Z, Buck Louis GM, Sundaram R, Hediger ML, Sun L, et al. 2012. Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-type UV filters in us women and their association with endometriosis. Environmental Science Technology 46:4624-4632. Kushima K, Oda K, Sakuma S, Furusawa S, Fujiwara M. 2007. Effect of prenatal administration of NSAIDs on the immune response in juvenile and adult rats. Toxicology 232:257-267. Lai K, Scrimshaw M, Lester J. 2002. 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dc.identifier.urihttp://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/80439-
dc.description.abstract"近年來,藥物及個人保健用品 (Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products, PPCPs) 由於其對生態系統和人類健康之潛在危害而備受關注。文獻顯示從水、土壤和空氣中都能偵測到許多不同種類的藥物及個人保健用品。為了了解這些物質可能對人們造成的影響,本研究調查臺灣地區淨水場原水、清水、家戶自來水及市售瓶裝水中藥物及個人保健用品的流布情形。此外,也透過實驗室模擬飲用水淨水處理流程以評估不同處理方式對這些化學物質的去除效果。 本研究分別於2018年二月、六月和十一月,以及2020年二月、六月和十月採集臺灣地區八個淨水場的原水及清水。此外也採集特定淨水場週邊的家戶自來水,以及市面上販售不同品牌之瓶裝水,一併於實驗室進行24種藥物及個人保健用品的檢測分析。調查結果顯示大多數物質於水樣中檢測出濃度都很低,僅部分樣品檢測出濃度較高的布洛芬(55.6 ng/L)、二苯甲酮(111.9 ng/L)、咖啡因 (442.5 ng/L)和二乙基甲苯酰胺(515.6 ng/L)。 此外,本研究也在實驗室中模擬淨水場傳統處理流程,藉此評估淨水場對這些化學物質的處理效能。實驗室模擬結果顯示,前加氯是傳統處理流程中去除藥物及個人保健用品的關鍵步驟。該步驟可以去除水中大部分的雌激素類、對羥基苯甲酸酯類、氧苯酮和對乙酰氨基酚。然而卻無法有效去除大部分鎮痛解熱劑、咖啡因、二乙基甲苯酰胺和二苯甲酮。從實驗室模擬結果也觀察到,單純的砂濾無法去除任何本研究探討的藥物及個人保健用品。但是在將部分濾砂替換成無煙煤後,便可去除部分對羥基苯甲酸酯(11.9%- 41.2%)、雌激素(18.2%-44.8%)、防曬用品(37.5%-68.8%)和萘普生(30.1%)。然而,大部分鎮痛解熱劑、咖啡因和二乙基甲苯酰還是不能被有效去除。 有鑒於傳統飲用水處理流程對特定的化學物質處理效果不佳,本研究進一步比較了加氯、紫外線、紫外光/氯和紫外光/過氧化氫等不同處理技術對藥物及個人保健用品的去除效果。研究考量的變因包括了反應時間、氧化劑濃度、pH 值、基質和對消毒副產物生成的影響。結果顯示,當將氧化劑濃度提高時,可以觀察到對特定化學物質的去除效果略有改善。而pH值則會改變氯及紫外光和一些物質的反應性,也會改變紫外光/氯的反應能力,然而對紫外光/過氧化氫則觀察不到pH值的影響。在基質的作用下,各種處理技術對大部分藥物及個人保健用品的去除效果皆略降,但降幅多在 15% 以內。研究觀察到單純使用紫外光無法有效去除乙酰基水楊酸、布洛芬、二苯甲酮、氧苯酮、咖啡因及大多數雌激素等物質。但當紫外光搭配氯或是過氧化氫使用時,對本研究選擇的化學物質都能觀察到去除效果明顯提升的現象(紫外光/氯 ≥ 56.5%,紫外光/過氧化氫 ≥ 27.6%)。然而,儘管紫外光/氯對藥物及個人保健用品的去除效果比紫外光/過氧化氫來得好,但後者同時也能降低水中消毒副產物的濃度。相比之下,紫外光/氯反而會提高水中三鹵甲烷、鹵乙腈和鹵代酮的濃度,提升的比例分別為25%、35%和115%。 在本研究中,選擇了 12 種濃度或檢測頻率較高的藥物及個人保健用品,透過蒙地卡羅模擬進行暴露以及健康風險評估。結果顯示,二乙基甲苯酰胺的危害商數(HQ)較其他化學物質來得高,但也只有10-5左右。若針對高風險族群的民眾進行模擬,則二乙基甲苯酰胺、咖啡因和二苯甲酮的HQ值較其他物質來得高,它們的HQ值分別為2.57E-05、3.10E-05 和 4.19E-05。其他化學物質經程式模擬計算出來的HQ值則在10-6到10-8不等。若將樣品按採樣季節分為春、夏、秋季進行比較,則會觀察到大多數藥物及個人保健用品導致的HQ值在夏季時較高,秋季和春季的值沒有顯著差異。另外,將從兩淨水場附近家戶收集到的樣品進行比較發現,其中一區由二乙基甲苯酰胺、咖啡因和二苯甲酮導致的HQ值比另一區高出了十倍。而國產瓶裝水和進口瓶裝水中化學物質導致的HQ值差別不大,大多處於同一個數量級。唯一值得注意的物質是二苯甲酮,它導致的HQ值在進口瓶裝水中高於國產瓶裝水。 總體而言,在本研究選擇的24種藥物及個人保健用品中,沒有任何一種化學物質在任何水中的HQ值大於1。這顯示在單獨考慮時,飲用水中這些化學物質對人們產生的健康風險皆極低。然而應該注意的是,飲用水中多種化學物質的混合毒性仍可能對人們造成危害。在未來,研究的重點應該關注於開發能夠快速篩選具有高危害潛力的污染物,並對這些物質進行混合物健康風險評估,以保障民眾的健康。"zh_TW
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dc.description.tableofcontents"謝辭 i List of Abbreviations ii 中文摘要 v Abstract viii Contents xi List of Figures xv List of Tables xvii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.1 Uses of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products 6 2.1.1 Analgesics 6 2.1.2 Hormones 8 2.1.3 Preservatives in Cosmetics 9 2.1.4 Suntan Lotions 9 2.1.5 Repellents 11 2.1.6 Stimulants 12 2.2 PPCPs in the Water Environment 13 2.2.1 PPCPs in the Natural Environment 13 2.2.2 PPCPs in Drinking Water 16 2.2.3 PPCPs in Bottled Water 24 2.3 Removal of PPCPs through Treatment Processes 26 2.3.1 Removal of PPCPs in DWTPs 26 2.3.2 Advanced Drinking Water Treatment Process 34 2.4 Disinfection by-Products in Drinking Water 38 2.4.1 The Formation and Control of DBPs in Drinking Water 38 2.4.2 The Hazards and Regulation of DBPs 41 2.5 Toxicities of PPCPs 43 2.5.1 Analgesics 43 2.5.2 Hormones 46 2.5.3 Preservatives in Cosmetics 48 2.5.4 Suntan Lotions 50 2.5.5 Repellents 52 2.5.6 Stimulants 53 2.6 Exposure and Health Risks of PPCPs through Consumptions of Drinking Water 55 2.7 The Global Trend of PPCPs Management and the Current Situation in Taiwan 59 2.7.1 The Global Trend of PPCPs Management 59 2.7.2 Current Situation in Taiwan 64 2.8 Objective of This Study 65 Chapter 3 Materials and Methods 66 3.1 Research Framework 66 3.2 Samples Collection 70 3.2.1 Sampling from DWTPs 70 3.2.2 Sampling of the Tap Water from Households 71 3.2.3 Collecting the Bottled Waters 71 3.3 Simulation of Treatment Processes in Laboratory 72 3.3.1 Simulation of each Treatment Process 73 3.3.2 Whole Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Process 75 3.3.3 Advanced Oxidation Process 75 3.4 Sample Preparation 76 3.5 Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry 78 3.6 Sample Preparation and Analysis of DBPs 80 3.6.1 Sample Preparation and Analysis of THMs, HANs and HPs 80 3.6.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis of HAAs 81 3.7 Quality Assurance, Quality Control and Data Analysis 82 3.8 Reagents, Standards and Materials 84 3.9 Instrument and Equipment 89 3.10 Exposure and Risk Assessment 90 Chapter 4 Results and Discussions 94 4.1 Occurrence of PPCPs in Drinking Water of Taiwan 94 4.1.1 Occurrence and Removal of PPCPs in DWTPs 94 4.1.2 The PPCP Concentrations in Drinking Water of Taiwan 99 4.2 Simulation of Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Processes in Laboratory 105 4.2.1 PPCP Removal in Simulated Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Processes 105 4.2.2 Chlorination 108 4.2.3 Rapid Filtration 110 4.2.4 Discussions 112 4.3 Application and Comparison of AOPs 115 4.3.1 Effects of Oxidant Dosages 115 4.3.2 Effect of Solution pH 118 4.3.3 Influence of the water matrix 122 4.3.4 Comparison of the Various Treatment Processes 124 4.3.5 DBP Formation after the Treatments 124 4.3.6 Discussions 126 4.4 Exposure and Health Risks Assessment of PPCPs from Different Kinds of Water 132 Chapter 5 Conclusions 141 References 145 Appendix 187"
dc.language.isoen
dc.subject健康風險評估zh_TW
dc.subject藥物及個人保健用品zh_TW
dc.subject飲用水處理zh_TW
dc.subject消毒副產物zh_TW
dc.subject飲用水品質zh_TW
dc.subjectHealth risk assessmenten
dc.subjectPPCPsen
dc.subjectDrinking water qualityen
dc.subjectWater treatment processen
dc.subjectDisinfection by-roducten
dc.title臺灣地區飲用水中藥物及個人保健用品流布調查及其於淨水處理之效能評估zh_TW
dc.titleOccurrences of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Drinking Water of Taiwan and Assessment of Their Removals in Water Treatment Processesen
dc.date.schoolyear110-1
dc.description.degree博士
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee林財富(Wan-Ju Chou),陳美蓮(Zi-Ting Lin),康世芳(Tsung-yu Wu),蔡詩偉,陳家揚,陳玟伶
dc.subject.keyword飲用水品質,藥物及個人保健用品,飲用水處理,消毒副產物,健康風險評估,zh_TW
dc.subject.keywordDrinking water quality,PPCPs,Water treatment process,Disinfection by-roduct,Health risk assessment,en
dc.relation.page246
dc.identifier.doi10.6342/NTU202200557
dc.rights.note同意授權(限校園內公開)
dc.date.accepted2022-02-11
dc.contributor.author-college公共衛生學院zh_TW
dc.contributor.author-dept環境與職業健康科學研究所zh_TW
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