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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 林彩瑜(Tsai-Yu Lin) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Wan-Ting Tseng | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 曾琬婷 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2022-11-23T09:26:52Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2021-07-23 | |
| dc.date.available | 2022-11-23T09:26:52Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2021-07-23 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2021-07-07 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | 中文參考文獻 專書 林彩瑜（2013），《WTO制度與實務》，2版，台北：元照。 姜皇池（2013），《國際公法導論》，台北：新學林。 羅昌發（2010），《國際貿易法》，2版，台北：元照。 期刊/書之篇章 朱苔心、張永阜（2011），〈從泰國香菸加值稅措施看國民待遇原則之解釋 以WTO泰國-香菸案為中心〉，《經貿法訊》，110期，頁6-12。 吳全峰（2009），〈從健康人權之角度論菸草控制框架公約之發展與國家菸害控制之義務〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，169期，頁37-52。 官曉薇（2011），〈承載國家重責大任的身體-菸害防制法禁止孕婦吸菸規定之社會意涵〉，收於：吳全峰（編），《2011科技發展與法律規範雙年刊》，頁501-547，台北：中央研究院法律學研究所。 林于仙、張凱媛、葉慈薇（2012），〈試析澳洲之菸品包裝法案與TBT協定及TRIPS協定之合致性〉，《經貿法訊》，126期，頁1-12。 林彩瑜（2006），〈服務貿易與公共衛生的衝突？─論FCTC限制菸品廣告措施在GATS架構下的法律定位〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，133期，頁110-124。 邱彥禎、蘇郁珊（2015），〈從美國與印尼丁香菸貿易爭端案之發展檢視WTO 爭端解決制度之潛在問題〉，《經貿法訊》，171期，頁14-22。 莊雅涵（2012），〈從美國丁香菸案上訴機構報告看TBT協定第2.1條「國民待遇」原則〉，《經貿法訊》，131期，頁9-15。 楊培侃（2009），〈菸草控制框架公約與國際菸害防制規範之最新發展〉，《月旦法學雜誌》，169期，頁24-28。 學位論文 陳以昕（2015），《TBT協定下「國際標準」之適當解釋與運用—兼論與菸草控制框架公約規範體系之可能連結》，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文（未出版），台北。 羅懋緯（2015），《論國際投資爭端中公平公正待遇原則與菸草控制公共衛生政策衝突之解決》，國立臺灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文（未出版），台北。 研討會論文 牛惠之（2007年3月24日），〈從WTO自由貿易論「杜哈TRIPS 協定與公共衛生宣言」對「國家緊急危難或其他緊急狀況」的解釋與潛在爭議 - 兼論預防原則的適用〉，發表於：《第七屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集》。國立政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心（主辦），台北。 許耀明（2011年10月），〈WTO爭端解決機制之法律解釋：多元途徑及限制〉，發表於：《第十一屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集》。國立政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心（主辦），台北。 楊培侃（2019年2月25日），〈從WTO「澳洲—菸品素面包裝案」論必要性與合理性作為合法政策空間之衡量標準〉，發表於：《第十九屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集》。國立政治大學國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心（主辦），台北。 其他 司法院大法官釋字第701號解釋，羅昌發大法官協同意見書。 司法院大法官釋字第577號解釋。 司法院大法官釋字第794號解釋。 行政院衛生署（2003），《菸害防制法修正草案總說明（參考FCTC之再修正版）九十二年\(1106衛生署版\)》。載於： https://www.hpa.gov.tw/File/Attach/954/File_411.pdf（最後瀏覽日：05/17/2020）。 衛生福利部國民健康署菸害防制組（2020），《菸害防制法修正草案總說明對照表》。載於：https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=129 pid=12613（最後瀏覽日：01/07/2021）。 英文參考文獻 Books HIBELL, BJÖRN ULF GUTTORMSSON SALME AHLSTRÖM OLGA BALAKIREVA THORODDUR BJARNASON ANNA KOKKEVI LUDWIG KRAUS (2009), THE 2007 ESPAD REPORT: SUBSTANCE USE AMONG STUDENTS IN 35 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 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Tobacco, WHO (May 27, 2020), https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/80114 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 貿易自由化使菸品國際貿易量不斷增加，惟許多科學研究已指出菸品之成癮性與有害成分對人體健康之危害，尤其婦女與未成年人受菸品危害尤其嚴重。 世界衛生組織(World Health Organization，簡稱WHO)的《菸草控制框架公約》(Framework Convention on Tobacco Control，簡稱FCTC)，也要求締約方採取菸控措施，減少婦女與未成年人吸菸。 惟依世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization，簡稱WTO)過去案例，當菸品進口國採取保護未成年人的菸品控制措施時，常被認定違反WTO涵蓋協定，因此本文將探討在現行WTO法不修法之下 ，如何強化對婦女與未成年人之較特殊、嚴格的菸控措施。因保障一般公眾的菸控措施對他們保護效果不足，本文主張須有特殊的管制才能消除健康照護措施的不平等。 本文共六章，第一章為導論，點出問題背景，在保障婦女與未成年人的菸品控制議題上，WTO法與國際衛生法、人權法可能產生規範衝突。 第二章援引科學文獻，佐證菸品對於婦女與未成年人之特殊危害，以及需要分別對婦女與未成年人採取特殊菸品控制政策的不同原因與考量，接著介紹FCTC內涵、FCTC所引用保障婦女與未成年人之國際人權公約，接著說明FCTC中涉及婦女與未成年人的菸品控制規範，並評析FCTC對未成年人規範較嚴格，但對婦女方面規範不足。 第三章以我國、美國和歐盟國內法規為例，說明各國國內法實踐上常採取FCTC中的有助減少婦女與未成年人吸菸之措施；接著分析這些相關國內法規涉及的WTO涵蓋協定，以及若違反時是否能透過例外條款正當化，以凸顯WTO法阻礙各國採取FCTC建議的減少婦女與未成年人吸菸的措施。 第四章分析WTO下對未成年人菸品控制措施的爭端案例，主要分析美國丁香菸案的法律爭點，該案涉及禁止對未成年人特別有吸引力的加味丁香菸。另一併介紹其他菸品爭端案例中和婦女與未成年人相關的論述，並分析這些案例的見解如何限制會員採取措施保障婦女與未成年人。過去WTO下尚未發生過關於婦女的菸控措施爭端，僅有涉及未成年人者，故對婦女部分尚無直接相關的案例可分析，但婦女亦為FCTC關注的特殊群體，學理上仍應討論。 第五章提出幾種在WTO法下正當化菸品控制措施的模式，分為解釋論與立法論。解釋論包含：(1)透過《維也納條約法公約》(Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties，簡稱VCLT)第31.3條(c)款，對WTO法中的人類、健康之定義，做演化性解釋，或衡量必要性概念時，引用FCTC，尊重FCTC提出的有助減少婦女與未成年人吸菸的措施。(2)WTO將FCTC直接作為該案件之適用法；或者依照VCLT第41條後法優於前法，認定FCTC修改了WTO法而優先適用。(3)WTO在菸品相關爭端中，直接考量保護婦女與兒童生命權、健康權的人權公約，如《消除對婦女一切形式歧視公約》、《兒童權利公約》，或採取「人權方法」(human-right approach)評價菸品控制措施。立法論包含：(1)直接修正FCTC條文本文，加強其條文對婦女與未成年人的規範強度，因為條約本文具有最強的法律拘束力。(2)FCTC締約方會議通過加強保障婦女與未成年人的議定書或指導準則。(3)比照WTO杜哈宣言模式，WTO會員通過「對婦女與未成年人之菸品控制與遵守FCTC之宣言」，WTO評價涉及婦女與未成年人的菸品控制措施時，應採用該宣言要求的條文解釋和適用方式。 第六章為本文總結。 本文希望透過以上幾種模式，使WTO可以減少與FCTC和人權公約間的落差，在菸品控制措施的爭端中，優先考量婦女與未成年人應享有的權利與福祉，並正當化原本違反WTO涵蓋協定的菸品控制措施，調整WTO過去一貫的實務見解，使會員能有效保障婦女與未成年人的健康免於菸品危害。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2022-11-23T09:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 U0001-0607202116351500.pdf: 2696001 bytes, checksum: 32eb2db461faf8b88e818b8696775cba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 第一章 導論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究方法 3 第三節 研究範圍 5 第四節 研究架構 6 第五節 名詞定義 7 第二章 FCTC對婦女與未成年人的規範 10 第一節 婦女與未成年人和菸品控制政策 10 第一項 從菸品控制角度對未成年人給予特殊保護之規範正當性 10 第二項 從菸品控制角度對婦女給予特殊保護之規範正當性 14 第二節 世界衛生組織《菸草控制框架公約》主要規範 19 第一項 FCTC目標 20 第二項 FCTC菸品控制措施 22 第三項 FCTC國內與國際執行機制和國際合作 29 第四項 FCTC現行規範之評析 30 第三節 FCTC有關保障婦女與未成年人之規定 36 第一項 引用人權公約肯定應保護婦女與未成年人 37 第二項 帶有保護未成年人目的之一般菸品控制措施 46 第三項 帶有保護婦女與未成年人目的之一般菸品控制措施 48 第四項 只針對未成年人之特殊規範-禁止向未成年人銷售菸品、由未成年人銷售菸品 51 第四節 本文對FCTC保障婦女與未成年人規範之評析 52 第一項 FCTC第16條禁止未成年人接觸菸品規範嚴格、具體 52 第二項 FCTC第13條指導準則禁止吸引未成年人的菸品廣告、促銷 54 第三項 FCTC其他措施未特別保障婦女與未成年人 54 第五節 小結 55 第三章 WTO法對有關婦女與未成年人菸品控制措施之適用與限制：以美國、歐盟與我國之國內法為例 56 第一節 各國有關婦女與未成年人菸品控制措施之國內法實踐 56 第一項 美國-聯邦法《家庭吸菸與菸品控制法》等 56 第二項 歐盟-《使會員國菸品與其相關商品製造、呈現與銷售的法規、規範與行政命令近似與廢除2001年37號指令之指令》等 64 第三項 我國-《菸害防制法》等 70 第二節 WTO法對婦女與未成年人相關菸品控制措施之適用與限制 77 第一項 可能違反的WTO涵蓋協定 78 第二項 例外條款 88 第三節 小結 93 第四章 WTO涉及未成年人菸品控制措施之爭端解決案例 94 第一節 美國—影響丁香菸製造與銷售措施案 94 第一項 系爭措施-美國加味菸管制規範 94 第二項 對未成年人菸品控制措施相關爭點之裁決 95 第三項 本案後續雙方簽訂諒解備忘錄不利未成年人保護 101 第二節 澳洲—適用於菸品與其包裝的影響商標、地理標示與其他素面包裝要求之措施案 102 第一項 系爭措施-菸品素面包裝法案 102 第二項 本案判斷菸品包裝對婦女與未成年人之影響 103 第三節 泰國—限制菸品進口及課徵內地稅案 108 第一項 系爭措施-泰國對進口菸品限制與課稅 108 第二項 本案判斷廣告、菸價、進口菸對婦女與未成年人的影響 108 第四節 本文對上開案件之評析 110 第一項 FCTC僅作為事實證據性質 110 第二項 雖引用FCTC卻忽略FCTC關注婦女與未成年人的精神 115 第三項 對於「健康」之解釋未注重婦女與未成年人的保障 116 第四項 對於「必要性」之解釋未注重婦女與未成年人的保障 118 第五章 強化婦女與未成年人菸品控制措施與WTO合致性之模式探尋 120 第一節 解釋論-爭端解決之條約解釋 124 第一項 依《維也納條約法公約》第31.3條(c)款援引FCTC解釋「健康」 124 第二項 對「人類」、「健康」之定義做演化性解釋 127 第三項 衡量「必要性」要件時考量婦女與未成年人的健康保障 132 第四項 FCTC直接作為WTO之適用法? 136 第五項 依《維也納條約法公約》第41條-FCTC在當事國間修改了WTO涵蓋協定規範? 138 第六項 以人權公約正當化保障婦女與未成年人之菸品控制措施 139 第二節 立法論-加強FCTC規範強度與WTO通過遵守FCTC之宣言 145 第一項 FCTC本文加強對婦女與未成年人的具體保障措施 145 第二項 締約方會議通過加強保障婦女與未成年人之議定書或指導準則 147 第三項 WTO比照杜哈宣言模式通過遵守FCTC之宣言 151 第三節 小結 155 第六章 結論 157 參考文獻 160 中文參考文獻 160 英文參考文獻 163 | |
| dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
| dc.subject | 人權公約 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 菸草控制框架公約 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 菸品控制措施 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 婦女 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 未成年人 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 國際衛生法 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | WTO法 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | Women | en |
| dc.subject | Human Rights Law | en |
| dc.subject | Health Law | en |
| dc.subject | WTO | en |
| dc.subject | FCTC | en |
| dc.subject | Minors | en |
| dc.subject | Tobacco Control Measures | en |
| dc.title | 強化菸品控制措施於WTO正當性之模式探尋：以保護婦女與未成年人為中心 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Approaches to Strengthen the Legal Status of Tobacco Control Measures Under WTO Law: A Focus on the Protection of Women and Minors | en |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 109-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 楊培侃(Hsin-Tsai Liu),吳全峰(Chih-Yang Tseng) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 菸草控制框架公約,菸品控制措施,婦女,未成年人,國際衛生法,WTO法,人權公約, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | FCTC,Women,Minors,WTO,Health Law,Human Rights Law,Tobacco Control Measures, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 173 | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202101299 | |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2021-07-08 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 法律學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 科際整合法律學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 科際整合法律學研究所 | |
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