請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件：
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/79834完整後設資料紀錄
| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 邱振豪(Chenhao Chiu) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Patricia Peilin Yang | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 楊沛霖 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2022-11-23T09:13:11Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2021-08-13 | |
| dc.date.available | 2022-11-23T09:13:11Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2021-08-13 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2021 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2021-08-06 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | Boersma, P., Weenink, D. (2020). Praat: doing phonetics by computer [version 6.0.43]. Retrieved from http://www.praat.org/ Chang, C. B., Yao, Y. (2007). Tone production in whispered Mandarin. UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 3(3), 326-329. Chao, Y. R. (1956). Tone, intonation, singsong, chanting, recitative, tonal composition, and atonal composition in Chinese. In M. Halle (Ed.), For Roman Jakobson (pp. 52-59). The Hague, the Netherlands: Mouton. Chao, Y. R. (1968). A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Chiung, W. V. T. (1999). The tonal comparisons and contrasts between Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin [Paper presentation]. 6th Annual UTA Student Conference in Linguistics, Arlington, TX, United States. Fon, J., Chiang, W.-Y. (1999). What does Chao have to say about tones? A case study of Taiwan Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 27(1) 13-37. Forinash, K., Christian, W. (2016). Sound: An Interactive EBook. Retrieved from https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Acoustics/Book%3A_Sound_-_An_Interactive_eBook_(Forinash_and_Christian) Fu, Q. J., Zeng, F. G. (2000). Identification of temporal envelope cues in Chinese tone recognition. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing, 5(1), 45-57. Gao, M. (2002). Tones in whispered Chinese: Articulatory features and perceptual cues (Master’s thesis). University of Victoria, BC, Canada. Jiao, L., Ma, Q., Wang, T., Xu, Y. (2015). Perceptual cues of whispered tones: Are they really special?. Proceedings of 16th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, 2361-2365. Kubler, C. C. (1985). The influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan. Anthropological Linguistics, 27(2), 156-176. Li, B., Guo, Y. (2012). Mandarin tone contrast in whisper. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages, 1-3. Li, B., Rong, R. (2012). Tones in whispered Mandarin. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing, 422-425. Liu, S., Samuel, A. G. (2004). Perception of Mandarin lexical tones when F0 information is neutralized. Language and Speech, 47(2), 109-138. Lu, Y.-A., Lee-Kim, S.-I. (2021). The effect of linguistic experience on perceived vowel duration: Evidence from Taiwan Mandarin speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 86, 1-15. Peirce, J. W., Gray, J. R., Simpson, S., MacAskill, M. R., Höchenberger, R., Sogo, H., Kastman, E., Lindeløv, J. (2019). PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy. Behavior research methods, 51(1), 195-203. R Core Team (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/ Sanders, R. (2008). Tonetic sound change in Taiwan Mandarin: The case of Tone 2 and Tone 3 citation contours. Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20), 1, 87-107. Shi, F. Deng, D. (2006). 普通話與臺灣國語的語音對比. Pǔtōnghuà yǔ Táiwān Guóyǔ de yǔyīn duìbǐ (A phonetic contrast of Mainland Mandarin and Taiwan Mandarin). In D.-A Ho, H. S. Cheung, W. Pan, F. Wu (Eds.), Linguistic studies in Chinese and neighboring languages: Festschrift in honor of Professor Pang-hsin Ting on his 70th birthday (pp. 371-393). Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Sinica. Shih, C.-L. (1988). Tone and intonation in Mandarin. Working Papers, Cornell Phonetics Laboratory, No. 3 (pp. 83-109). Whalen, D. H., Xu, Y. (1992). Information for Mandarin tones in the amplitude contour and in brief segments. Phonetica, 49(1), 25-47. Zhao, Y., Lin, W. (2016). Study of the formant and duration in Chinese whispered vowel speech. Applied Acoustics, 114, 240-243. | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/79834 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 本文旨在探討台灣華語的聲調如何透過長度(duration)和強度(intensity)實現於私語中，且在沒有其他線索時，長度和強度如何影響聽者的私語聲調判別。過去的研究已測量各聲調在私語產出時的長度和強度曲線(intensity contour)，並指出長度和強度曲線在缺乏基頻時可作為判斷華語聲調之線索。然而，先前的研究均著重於北京華語，在該方言裡三聲持續時間長，且有著凹型強度曲線（稱「三聲全」）；此外，個人差異和其他聲學特徵可能潛在地影響聽者對聲調的判別。為解決這些問題，本研究執行了一個產出實驗和兩個感知實驗，並針對台灣華語特有的三聲進行研究。在產出實驗中，台灣華語的母語使用者用正常說話以及私語的方式發出各個聲調的單音節字詞，其中包含三聲的兩種變體：三聲全和三聲半，前者持續時間長，且有著凹型強度曲線；後者持續時間短，有著下降的強度曲線。在感知實驗中，受試者分辨只有長度和強度曲線不同的私語單音節字詞的聲調。兩個感知實驗只差在選項中是否有正確答案。 產出實驗（受試者用正常說話和私語的方式發出單音節字詞）的結果顯示，三聲全持續時間最長，且有著凹型強度曲線，而四聲持續時間最短，且有跨越最大範圍的下降型強度曲線。此外，感知實驗（受試者判斷只有長度和強度不同之私語聲調）的結果顯示，在使用三聲全作為三聲的受試者中，四聲最容易判別，而一聲則是最困難；在使用三聲半作為三聲的受試者中，四聲依然是最好判別的聲調，而三聲半則是最困難。由於各聲調間的長度和強度兩兩差異皆不同，聽者使用不同的線索辨別不同的私語聲調組合。即使有例外，各聲調組合的線索多寡也反映了受試者對於各聲調組合的敏銳度。在沒有正確答案的情況下，受試者傾向選擇擁有和聽覺刺激材料最相近的長度和強度的聲調。因此，聽者確實使用長度和強度作為判別私語聲調的線索。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2022-11-23T09:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 U0001-0408202115543900.pdf: 3081359 bytes, checksum: a0cef03d869a4a2ad5aa68e85ced61de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員審定書 謝辭 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Motivation and Aims of the Study 2 1.3 Organization 3 Chapter 2 Literature Review 4 2.1 Production of Whispered Tones 4 2.1.1. Duration 4 2.1.2. Intensity 7 2.2. Perception of Whispered Tones 10 2.2.1. Duration 11 2.2.2. Intensity 12 2.3 T3 15 2.4 Research Questions 16 Chapter 3 Exp. I: Whispered Tone Production 19 3.1 Methods 19 3.1.1. Participants 19 3.1.2. Materials 19 3.1.3. Equipment 21 3.1.4. Procedure 21 3.1.5. Measurements and Analyses 22 3.2 Results 22 3.2.1. Duration 22 3.2.2. Intensity Contour 23 3.3. Discussion 25 Chapter 4 Exp. II: Whispered Tone Perception I 31 4.1 Methods 31 4.1.1. Participants 31 4.1.2. Materials 31 4.1.3. Equipment 33 4.1.4. Procedure 34 4.1.5. Measurements and Analyses 34 4.1.6. Prediction 37 4.2. Results 40 4.2.1. Accuracy 40 4.2.1.1. The T3f Group 40 4.2.1.2. The T3h Group 41 4.2.2. RT 42 4.2.2.1. The T3f Group 42 4.2.2.2. The T3h Group 43 4.2.3. dʹ 44 4.2.3.1. The T3f Group 44 4.2.3.2. The T3h Group 45 4.2.4. ROC 46 4.2.4.1. The T3f Group 47 4.2.4.2. The T3h Group 49 4.2.5. Reflection on Both Sensitivity and Response Bias 52 4.2.5.1. The T3f Group 52 4.2.5.2. The T3h Group 53 4.3 Discussion 54 4.3.1. General Performance on Each Tone 54 4.3.1.1. The T3f Group 54 4.3.1.2. The T3h Group 55 4.3.2. Sensitivity to Differences between Tones 55 4.3.2.1. Possible Reasons 55 4.3.2.1.1. The T3f Group 55 4.3.2.1.2. The T3h Group 56 4.3.2.2. Duration vs. Intensity 58 4.3.2.2.1. The T3f Group 58 4.3.2.2.2. The T3h Group 59 4.3.3. Response Bias 61 4.3.3.1. The T3f Group 61 4.3.3.2. The T3h Group 62 Chapter 5 Exp. III: Whispered Tone Perception II 63 5.1 Methods 63 5.1.1. Participants 63 5.1.2. Materials 64 5.1.3. Equipment 65 5.1.4. Procedure 65 5.1.5. Measurements and Analyses 65 5.1.6. Prediction 66 5.2. Results 67 5.2.1. Response Proportion 67 5.2.2. RT 67 5.3 Discussion 69 5.3.1. Duration and Intensity as Perceptual Cues 69 5.3.2. A Possible Reason for the Results of T2 70 Chapter 6 General Discussion 71 6.1 Summary of Findings 71 6.1.1. Durations and Intensity Contours of Each Tone 71 6.1.2. Perception of Whispered Tones 72 6.2. Comparison with Gao (2002) and Liu Samuel (2004) 76 6.2.1. Production Experiment 76 6.2.2. Perception Experiment 78 6.3 Limitation and Future Research 81 6.4 Conclusion 81 References 83 Appendix I 85 Appendix II 90 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.subject | 台灣華語 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 長度 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 強度曲線 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 聲調感知 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | 私語 | zh_TW |
| dc.subject | duration | en |
| dc.subject | Taiwan Mandarin | en |
| dc.subject | whispered speech | en |
| dc.subject | tone perception | en |
| dc.subject | intensity contour | en |
| dc.title | 長度和強度在台灣華語聲調以私語表現之感知角色 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Tonal Cues in Perception of Whispered Taiwan Mandarin: Duration and Intensity | en |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 109-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 馮怡蓁(Hsin-Tsai Liu),盧郁安 (Chih-Yang Tseng) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 長度,強度曲線,聲調感知,私語,台灣華語, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | duration,intensity contour,tone perception,whispered speech,Taiwan Mandarin, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 90 | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202102086 | |
| dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2021-08-09 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 文學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 語言學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 語言學研究所 | |
文件中的檔案：
| 檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| U0001-0408202115543900.pdf | 3.01 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件，除了特別指名其著作權條款之外，均受到著作權保護，並且保留所有的權利。