基本權水平效力：弱勢保障之觀點

Abstract

傳統基本權適用在國家與人民之間，而不適用於私人之間。然而，近年來私人間的基本權侵害問題日漸嚴重，也日漸受到重視，私人是否得直接本於憲法對另一私人主張基本權的侵害？ 基本權具有弱勢保障之內涵，要求國家應保障人民不受他人之侵害，惟立法者可能囿於金錢政治、多數決原則（選票考量）、立法怠惰或立法繁忙等各種因素，無法落實基本權所課予之保障弱勢的義務，造成沒有法律或法律不足以保障基本權的情況。 當基本權垂直效力（憲法課予立法者之義務）無法實現時，私人是否得直接本於基本權向私人主張權利？本文整理美國、德國、愛爾蘭、南非、西班牙基本權水平效力的適用模式，認為基本權水平效力的適用毋寧是在基本權保障與私法自治、權力分立和法治國原則等價值間取捨。 本文首先回應基本權水平效力並不會減損私法自治，接著參考德國及愛爾蘭的適用模式，認為應兼採基本權強的間接水平效力與基本權直接水平效力，並提出若干對策降低對於權力分立、法治國原則等價值侵害。 最後，本文整理我國實務上案例及將外國案例適用於我國法制後，指出我國通說基本間接水平效力目前所能和不能處理之問題，並就我國實務適用基本權水平效力提出若干建議：強化基本權間接水平效力之適用及承認基本權直接水平效力。

Traditionally, fundamental rights apply only in the public sphere but not in the private sphere. Yet, violations committed in the private sphere are gradually serious and arouse the awareness in recent years. Can claims alleging violations of fundamental rights based directly on the Constitution be permitted? Fundamental rights imply the state duties to protect the disadvantage, but legislators might fail to take legislative measures to prevent the violation of fundamental rights committed in the private sphere due to monetary politics, majority rule (in consideration of votes), legislation inaction, ending up failure or inadequacy to implement legislative measures to protect fundamental rights. Can individual alleges violations of fundamental rights based directly on the Constitution when the vertical effect of fundamental rights (state duties to protect the disadvantage) cannot be fulfilled? This study will introduce the applicable models of horizontal effect of fundamental rights in the U.S., Germany, Ireland, South African, and Spain, and consider the application of such effect as weighing of values of fundamental rights, autonomy of private law, separation of powers, and rule of law (legal certainty). The study firstly responds that horizontal effect of fundamental rights will not jeopardize the principle of autonomy of private law. Then, it considers that indirect horizontal effect and direct horizontal effect of fundamental rights should be adopted based on the applicable models in Germany and Ireland. The study also proposes several policies to reduce violations to the values of separation of powers and rule of law. Finally, the study will organize practical cases in our country, point out the resolvable and unresolvable issues in the universal opinion of our country after applying overseas cases to the law of our country, and propose several suggestions: which are to enhance the application of indirect horizontal effect of fundamental rights and to acknowledge direct horizontal effect of fundamental rights.