一個部落的野生動物資源治理體制探索－以臺東縣卑南鄉達魯瑪克部落為例

Abstract

本研究以台東縣卑南鄉的魯凱族達魯瑪克部落為例，透過文獻回顧、參與式觀察與深度訪談蒐集資料；而後以Ostrom (1990) 提出的體制選擇架構 (Institutional Choice Framework) 與Ostrom (2007) 針對共享性資源 (common-pool resources) 治理體制 (institution) 所發展的社會—生態系統架構 (Social-Ecological System Framework) 作為分析架構，探究達魯瑪克野生動物資源治理機制中的個人選擇，以及集體選擇下的體制展現。 本研究認為，歷經社會變遷的達魯瑪克，其野生動物治理體制仍具備一定的治理效果。該部落之治理體制並非一陳不變，而是隨著外部環境變遷而適應、演變。在部落自治時期，東魯凱人透過協議、爭戰等方式界定部落疆域；在部落層面，藉由家族獵場來區分狩獵區域；在個人資源利用層面，則是透過時序、占卜等方式限制資源用量。今日部落主要利用現代化的道路系統，來框範與排除外人；在部落內部，由個人化的獵區劃分，維持每一區塊的資源使用人數，又透過提升狩獵安全性及狩獵效率的各式機制，降低資源取用量。而不論是昔日或當代，部落野生動物治理體制的維持都有賴於緊密的人群關係，以及持續的狩獵需求。會所制度則是重要的傳承機制。達魯瑪克個案經驗呈現，部落若保有緊密的人群關係、狩獵需求，以及持續的傳承機制 (如會所制度)，就很有機會維持一定的野生動物資源治理效果，也能隨著大環境變，應變一套合宜的治理體制。

Adopting literature reviewing, participant observation and deep interview, this research aims to study the governing institutions on wildlife resources in Taromak, East Rukai, a Rukai community in Beinan Township, Taitung County. It focuses on analyzing the individual choices, and the institutional performance in collective choices based on the Institutional Choice Framework and Social-Ecological System Framework developed by Ostrom (1990, 2007). The study found that, even with the social change, the governing institutions on wildlife resources remain strong in Taromak. Not staying constantly, it has changed and adapted along with time. At the age of tribal autonomy, East Rukai people defined their territory by making contracts or fighting with other tribes. In Taromak, it zoned the hunting areas by families. At the individual level, East Rukai people limited the appropriation by time sequence (season) and divination. Nowadays, people in Taromak take advantage of modern auto road system to limit the number of appropriator who use wildlife resources around the community, so as to avoid the tragedy of commons. In the community, people divide the hunting areas by individual to sustain the appropriation respectively. They further reduce the appropriative level by those mechanisms to enhance hunting-safety and efficiency. From then till now, the governing institutions on wildlife resources attribute to continuous close relationship for people and the need of prey, while the man house (‘Alakua) as an important inherited mechanism in Taromak. The results of the study show that, as long as people keeping these three features, it is very possible for people to maintain the governing capacity of the wildlife resources and adapting with the changing times.