探討以計劃行為理論檢視大學校隊運動員 運動禁藥使用意圖的可行性之形成性研究

Abstract

背景：國際間競技運動日趨激烈，加上全球運動商業化所帶來的龐大商機與利益，部分運動員受到金錢、榮譽與想要超越自我潛能等因素之影響，可能產生運動禁藥使用之問題。根據國際奧委會統計，於奧運比賽期間，選手被檢測出有使用運動禁藥之比例，每屆均介於1–4%，另，過往研究指出，有14–39%的頂尖運動員刻意使用運動禁藥，此顯示運動競技之公平性，正面臨極大之挑戰，然而，過往文獻中較缺乏以行為科學理論為基礎，針對大學生運動員之運動禁藥使用及其相關因素，所進行之系統性探討，以提供未來發展預防策略之實證依據。 目標：運用計劃行為理論 (Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) 之三大構念探討大學生校隊運動員使用運動禁藥 (doping) 之行為意圖，運用其三大構念 (行為態度、主觀規範及自覺行為控制) 之直接及間接測量，檢視其與運動禁藥使用意圖之關聯。 方法：本研究於2019年3月，針對北部某大學之校隊運動員，使用以TPB為依據自編而成之匿名紙本問卷進行調查，於該校校隊專長練習時間進行招募，共發放問卷1,250份 (回覆率91.6%）。 結果：本研究最終納入樣本1,145份，並使用探索性因素分析，針對運動禁藥使用相關之TPB題組進行檢視，共萃取出五個潛在因素，分別為：行為態度之正面與負面行為結果評價、主觀規範、有利及阻礙情境下之自覺行為控制。進一步使用多變項羅吉斯迴歸進行資料分析後，發現其中三個因素與運動禁藥使用意圖具統計顯著關聯，分別為：負面行為結果評價相對中立 (AOR=2.41) 與相對正向 (AOR=3.08)；有利情境下具相對中度 (AOR=1.98) 與相對高度 (AOR=2.10) 自覺行為控制；阻礙情境下具相對中度 (AOR=2.59) 與相對高度 (AOR=3.99) 自覺行為控制；而正面行為結果評價與主觀規範則不顯著。此外，學業成績、吸菸頻率、喝酒頻率及平均月收入亦為重要之相關因子。 結論：本研究發現特定之TPB構念，與大學校隊運動員之運動禁藥使用意圖具統計顯著關聯，因此，未來若欲降低其運動禁藥之使用意圖，可嘗試澄清其對於運動禁藥使用負面結果之迷思，增強環境中阻礙情境及降低運動禁藥使用之有利因素。本研究結果可作為未來相關單位，進行運動禁藥政策擬定與衛教策略規劃時之實證參考依據。

Background: With the increasing intensity of international competitive sports and the great business opportunities and benefits brought by the commercialization of global sports, some athletes may be affected by money, honor, and the desire to surpass their potential, which may lead to the problem of doping in sports. According to the statistics of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the percentage of athletes tested positive for doping during the Olympic Games is between 1–4% in each Game. Additionally, earlier studies have pointed out that 14–39% of top athletes deliberately engaged in doping, which shows that the fairness in sports is facing great challenges. However, there is a lack of literature on the basis of behavioral science to systematically discuss doping and associated factors among college varsity athletes, and to provide empirical evidence for the development of preventive strategies in the future. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the behavioral intention of doping among college varsity athletes in relation to the three constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)—namely, attitude toward the behavior (ATB), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC)—using the direct and indirect measures of TPB. Methods: I In March 2019, an anonymous questionnaire based on TPB was used to investigate the college varsity athletes of a university in northern Taiwan. A total of 1,250 responses were sent out during the time of team practice, with a response rate of 91.6%. Results: Data from 1,145 participants were included in this study. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the TPB indirect measures related to doping and extracted five latent factors: ATB about positive and negative doping outcomes, SN, and PBC under facilitating and constraining conditions. Further analysis using multiple logistic regression revealed that the following three factors had statistically significant associations with high doping intention: relatively neutral (AOR = 2.41) and relatively positive (AOR = 3.08) ATB about negative doping outcomes; relatively intermediate (AOR = 1.98) and relatively high (AOR = 2.10) PBC under facilitating conditions; and relatively intermediate (AOR = 2.59) and relatively high (AOR = 3.99) PBC under constraining conditions. However, ATB about positive doping outcomes and SN were not significant factors. In addition, academic performance, smoking frequency, drinking frequency, and average monthly income were also important associated factors. Conclusion: This study found that specific TPB constructs were significantly associated with high doping intention among college varsity athletes. Therefore, to decrease doping intention in the future, efforts could be made to clarify the myths about negative doping outcomes, enhance the constraining conditions in the environment, and reduce the facilitating conditions for doping. The results of this study can be used as an empirical reference for the formulation of anti-doping policy and the strategic planning of health education in the future.