氣變包裝應用於鳳梨釋迦貯運之研究

Abstract

鳳梨釋迦為高生理代謝率、寒害敏感型之更年性水果，採後壽命短，當貯藏溫度低於10℃便有可能發生寒害，不易維持其採後果實品質。本試驗以改變大氣成處理應用於國產鳳梨釋迦之保鮮及探討延長貯運期之效益，並評估回溫後之後熟能力及相關品質。鳳梨釋迦貯藏於13、10、7°C，維持綠熟果狀態的天數分別為<7、21-28、＞28天，但7℃可維持商品價值達2週，至第三週會出現寒害徵狀，失去商品價值，即使以低O2及低O2配合CO2處理只可延遲寒害現象一週。而在10℃，可貯放2-3週，果實回溫可順利後熟，無寒害發生，此溫度配合氣調處理低O2及低O2配合CO2可再延長貯放期一週。因此，以10℃溫度貯運配合氣調技術，貯藏期可達4週，對果實品質無不良影響；兩果氣變包裝處理於13°C和10°C環境只有1-2週採後壽命，貯藏2週果實因1%氧氣及20-25%高二氧化碳傷害而褐化無法後熟，打微孔袋貯放於10℃雖可創造袋內合適氧氣濃度，但仍因二氧化碳仍然嚴重(>10%)導致果實無法後熟及果腐，在添加鹼石灰處理後可避免二氧化碳累積，但因貯藏後期袋內累積60-120 L L-1高濃度乙烯導致果實後熟老化，經催熟回溫後因病害失去商價值；微孔袋+鹼石灰+乙烯吸收劑+1-MCP處理組，經4週貯藏後，袋內乙烯含量最低，對貯藏期間果梗開裂端的抑制效果最佳，且果肉病害也較輕微，可延長鳳梨釋迦貯運期達3週左右；外銷6公斤規格主動氣變包裝，10℃以微孔袋+袋裝鹼石灰+乙烯吸收劑+1-MCP氣變包裝處理，袋裝鹼石灰可減緩對CO2吸收，維持袋內CO2濃度，但貯藏期間袋內乙烯逐漸累積，使果實果梗開裂且表面凝水嚴重致使病害發展；10℃、9℃、8℃下，微孔袋+袋裝鹼石灰+乙烯吸收劑+1-MCP氣變包裝處理，1-MCP燻蒸濃度及降低貯藏溫度可避免貯藏期間果實開裂，碎報紙及不織布可避免果實表面因凝水浸濕，但於10°C及9°C於袋內貯藏至中後期袋內偵測到乙烯累積，顯示可能對後熟抑制效果有限，經4週貯藏果實軟熟後仍果腐嚴重，當貯藏於8°C，無論果實有無燻蒸1-MCP，袋內皆無乙烯累積，顯示8°C下配合氣變包裝抑制後熟生理效果最佳，可減輕及延緩後熟期間果實病害發生，雖經4週貯藏尚有輕微寒害及果心黑變生理障礙發生，但不至影響品質，因此8°C下6公斤氣變包裝處理為具有外銷應用潛力之包裝技術。

Atemoya is high metabolism rate and chilling sensitive climacteric fruit, it may cause chilling injury if the storage temperature is lower than 10°C. Therefore, the fruit quality is hard to maintain. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of atmosphere modification technology on extanding the shelf life of atemoya fruit than evaluate the ripening ability and fruit quality after storage. The postharvest life of mature-green atemoya fruit at 13, 10, 7°C were 7, 21-28, >28 days, respectively. Under 10℃ and 7℃ condition, the storability of the fruit treated with controlled atmosphere technique can be extanded to 3-4 and 3 weeks. The fruit was able to ripe normally after the storage at 10℃, however the endocarp browning caused by chilling injury appeared when fruit ripen following 4 weeks storage at 7℃. According to experiments of the passive and active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), all the of MAP treatments had only 1-2 week storability at 13 or 10°C. Fruit treated with MAPs for 2 weeks exhibited severed browning and failed to ripe due to 1% O2 and 20-25% CO2 injury. In perforated film packaging experiment, the Hypoxia (1% O2) condition can be improved by perforated film packaging, but CO2 still accumulated high level in MAP bags. The high CO2 situation was be solved by perforated packaging combined with sodalime treatment, however the fruit loss its quality by high ethylene accumulation in MAP bags. Perforated film packaging + soda lime + ethylene absorbent + pre-storage 1-MCP fumigation can inhibit fruit cracking and disease incedance. After 4 weeks storage, amount of ethylene in all MAP treatments was lowest. This treatment can maintain the fruit quality of ripe fruit about 3 weeks. In 6 kg package export size experiments, perforated film packaging + bagged soda lime + ethylene absorbent + pre-storage 1-MCP fumigation can keep CO2 concentration in bags by bagged sodalime, but ethylene accumulates during storage. After 4 weeks storage, the stalk split ratio was 100% and severe decay at 10℃. Under 10℃,9℃,8℃ condition, fruit split ratio and ethylene production can be suppressed by perforated film packaging + bagged soda lime + ethylene absorbent + pre-storage 1-MCP fumigation treatment, but ethylene accumulates during storage, which may caused fruit senescence and severely decay during ripening by 10℃ and 9℃. Under 8℃ condition, ethylene production can be completely suppressed and the fruit decay was slightly. Although treatment resulting in slightly chilling injury and browning receptacle but sensory evaluation showed it did not affect the product quality. Therefore, the perforated film packaging + bagged soda lime + ethylene absorbent + pre-storage 1-MCP fumigation treatment is a packaging technology with potential for export applications under 8℃ condition.