請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/75489
標題: | 台灣松口蘑之基本研究 The basic research on Tricholoma matsutake var formosana sawada of Taiwan |
作者: | Lu-Ping Chow 周綠蘋 |
出版年 : | 1983 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本研究以台灣松口蘑為材料,探討其生長之環境,子實體的形態,各部分的組織及細胞之構造,子實層表面孢子數之觀察,掃描電子顯微鏡之觀察,菌絲之保存及生理之試驗,生活史全環之觀察,即擔孢子及擔子柄核行為、擔孢子發芽、菌絲核行為觀察等,其研究結果如下: Ⅰ、台灣松口蘑天然環境調查: 松口蘑生長林地為台灣二葉松,其樹齡約在20?45年間,林中之被陰度約為全日光之60?70%,落葉及腐植層厚度約在3?5公分之間。子實體發生區域可見到仙女環形成,但年齡已無法看出,仙女環之內可見到菌絲與松根纏繞,此區域內鮮有雜菌出現,特稱為菌盤。 Ⅱ、子實體形態: 松口蘑子實體幼時為白色,球形,當其生長後,其原基體轉變成丘形並形成子實體,成熟之後子實體展開成傘狀。菌傘的表面具淡褐色鱗片狀軟毛,其傘肉為白色。菌柄的基部稍膨大或細長,菌柄中心的表面由纖維質鱗被所覆蓋,非常容易脫落,菌褶為白色,彎生,並且自菌柄處放射性展開,擔孢子在菌褶的兩側形成之。 Ⅲ、子實體各部組織及細胞: 子實體具有菌柄下部;菌柄外鱗片、內鱗片、內部組織;菌傘外鱗片、內部組織;子實層;擔子柄等8大部分。各組織及細胞大小測定之,且觀察其細胞形狀之特徵。子實體細胞較營養菌絲大,在子實體產生之過程中未見有扣子體之存在。 Ⅳ、子實層表面孢子數目之觀察: 子實層表面孢子數目一般具有2、3、4孢子的擔子柄,亦可見到5孢子的擔子柄,各個擔子柄產生孢子數比例分別為4孢子的擔子柄60.1%,3孢子的擔子柄佔22%,2孢子的擔子柄佔17%,在此研究中擔子梗產生擔孢子都規則的排列在擔子梗頂端。 Ⅴ、掃描電子顯微鏡之觀察: 觀察松口蘑子實層上的掃描電顯構造,孢子的數目為2?4個之間而以4孢子數最多,亦觀察到5孢子的擔子柄及類似囊狀體構造,孢子的形狀在成熟時為橢圓形。 Ⅵ、擔子柄及擔孢子核行為之觀察: 擔孢子形成過程可分為3種類型,第一種為4子核1核性4孢子型,第二種為8子核1核性(或2核性)4孢子型,第三種為4子核2核性2孢子型。 Ⅶ、松口蘑擔孢子發芽試驗: 將擔孢子接種於不同培養基上其中以?田氏+Streptomycin 10-4,CMA+10-4及土壤松葉煎汁混合培養基,發芽狀況良好。在24℃培養接種7日開始膨脹,經過20日開始發芽,其發芽率最高為0.05%。 Ⅷ、菌株之保存及生理試驗: 菌落形態及生長均因培養基種類而異。松口蘑最適之培養基為葡萄糖-酵母-玉米培養基(CMA),菌絲培養以24℃為最適溫度,超過30℃則死亡。 Ⅸ、營養菌絲核行為之觀察: 松口蘑營養菌絲其細胞核為2核,有類似扣子體之構造,但不久即消失,有些菌絲頂端或中間膨大形成橢圓形膨大細胞,具有很深的染色質,可能形成厚膜孢子。 Ⅹ、生活史之觀察: 在生活史循環中具有2種擔孢子(單核及雙核)。其產生方式包括有單核孢子由4個或8個子核擔子柄而來,雙核孢子亦由4子核或8子核擔子柄而來。後者發芽後可直接形成次生型菌絲,然而單核孢子發芽產生初生型菌絲,經由菌絲融合產生次生型菌絲。此次生型菌絲與松根形成菌根後,繼而形成子實體。營養菌絲單核型或雙核型皆可形成類似厚膜孢子的構造。 This research deals with Tricholoma matsutake (Ito et Imai) Singer of Taiwan, and contains the studies and descriptions on its natural habitat, morphology of the fruit body, tissues and cell structures of each part, observation of spore numbers of hymenial surface, observation under Scanning Electron Microscope, preservation of the hyphae, and some nutritional tests. Also, a complete study on its whole life cycle will be discussed in detail, those are, nuclear behavior in basidiospores and basidia, spore+U20 germination, nuclear behavior in the mycelium, etc. The following findings were made. Ⅰ、Investigation on the natural habitat of T. matsutake: The habitat of T. matsutake is usually the forests of Pinus taiwanesis Hayata. The ages of the pines range from 20 to 45 years, the degree of shade should be were about 60-70%, the thickness of the litter layer about 3-5 cm. In the region of occurrence, a fairy ring can be observed, but the age of ring can not be identified, however. Beneath the fairy ring and vicinity, mycorrhizal association between mycelia and pine-roots can be clearly observed. This region is termed specially Shiro by Japanese workers, with the fact that no other fungus but T. matsutake can live within this region. Ⅱ、Morphology of the fruit body: The white, button-shaped primordium of T. matsutake develops into typical Tricholoma-type, the fruit body with pileus becoming convex, then shaping like an umbrella at its full maturation. The upper surface of the pileus is covered by a light brown or chestnut brown scales and the context of pileus is white. The lowermost portion of the stalk of the mature fruit body is swelling or tapered at the base. The surface of the central portion of the stalk is covered by a light brown or brown outer veil and readily splits longitudinally. The gills are crowded, white, emarginate. Basidiospores are formed on both sides of the gills. Ⅲ、Tissues and cell structures of each parts of the fruit body: The fruit body of T. matsutake is divided into eight parts. They are rhizoidal portion of stipe; outer part of epithelia of stipe; inner part of epithelia of stipe; medullary portion of stipe; outer part of pileus; inner part of pileus; basidium; lamellae (hymenium). Special emphasis was placed on the detection and determination of the tissue cells in the respective parts. Cells on the fruit body are remarkably larger in volume than vegetative mycelial cells. Clamp formation was not found on the productive process of mycelia in the fruit body. Ⅳ、Observation of the spore number on hymenial surfaces: On the hymenial surfaces, basidia bearing 2, 3 and 4 basidiospores are usually observed. Infrequently five-spored basidia are detected. Four-spored-basidia dominate 60.1%, three-spored-basidia 22%, two-spored-basidia 17%, respectively. Ⅴ、Observation under SEM: SEM observation also revealed that basidia of T. matsuatke bear 2-4 basidiospores as dominant numbers. The basidia with five basidiospores and cystidia-like structure can also be seen. The shape of the basidiospores is ellipsoid when mature. Ⅵ、Observation on nuclear behavior of basidia and basidiospores : The process of the basidiospore formation can be divided into three types. The first type, four daughter nuclei form 4 mononucleate basidiospores; the second, eight daughter nuclei form 4 monoucleate basidiospore (or binucleate basidiospore); and the third one, four daughter nuclei form 2 binucleate basidiospores. Ⅶ、Spore germination of T. matsutake: Observation was made on the spores inoculated into different media. Of these media, Hamada's medium+ Streptomycin 10-4, CMA medium+ S 10-4 and soil-pine needle extract medium gave the best result. The basidiospores were incubated at 24℃, began to swell after 7 days, and germinated after 20 days of incubation. The highest rate of the spore germinated reaches 0.05%. Ⅷ、Preservation of mycelia and physiological tests: The morphology and the growth of mycelia are different in various kinds of media. The most suitable medium for T. matsutake is CMA (Yeast-glucose-corn-meal) medium. The optium temperature is 24℃ for mycelial growth, but the temperature exceeding 30℃ always brings in death. Ⅸ、Observations on nuclear behavior of vegetative hyphae: Each cell of the vegetative hyphae of T. matsutake contains of two nuclei. A clamp-connection-like structure can be present, but disappears soon later. Somewhere in the tip or middle position of the hyphae sometimes swells to an ellipsoid swelling cells, filled with chromatin material. They may be functioning as chlamydospores. Ⅹ、The life history of T. matsutake: T. matsutake forms two different nuclear-type basidiospores: i.e., mononucleate b basidiospores from 4-nucleate or 8-nucleate basidia, and binucleate basidiospores from 4-nucleate or 8-nucleate basidia. The later type can be transformed into the secondary mycelia (dikaryon hyphae) directly after germination, while the mononucleate basidiospores, become the primary mycelia after germination and then transformed into the secondary mycelia after plasmogamy with its mating partner. The secondary mycelia form mycorrhizae with pine roots and produce fruit bodies at the proper season of year. Each type of mycelia (mono- or di- karyon mycelia) probably produce chlamydospores or similar asexual reproductive structures except conidia which have yet to be discovered. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/75489 |
全文授權: | 未授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 植物科學研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
沒有與此文件相關的檔案。
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。